In jurisdictions where limited use of compressed air for cleaning is allowed (British Columbia, New Brunswick, North West Territories, Nova Scotia, Nunavut, Ontario, Yukon, and federal regulations), additional safety control measures are required. The device must be specifically designed to safely clean a person or surface, and personal protective equipment (PPE) must be worn.

The MM step-index operates on the principle of total reflection and causes light to travel across the core in a zigzag pattern.

Unfortunately, horseplay has been a cause of some serious workplace accidents caused by individuals not aware of the hazards of compressed air, or proper work procedures.

Neutral Density (ND) filters reduce the intensity of all wavelengths, or colors, of light equally from entering the camera, in measured amounts. This allows the ...

There are three main types of optical fiber: single mode fiber (SMF), multimode (MM) graded index, and multimode (MM) step index.

Use wet sweeping techniques, sweeping compounds, or vacuum cleaners equipped with special filters or other devices to prevent dust from being recirculated into the air.

And for an in-depth overview of the characteristics and construction of optical fibers, see our article on Fiber Optic Principles. (link)

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Other legislation may apply to specific hazardous materials. For example, cleaning with compressed air is prohibited  when working with asbestos (British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, North West Territories, Nunavut, Ontario, and federal regulations), respirable crystalline silica and rock dust (British Columbia), and mould contamination (Manitoba). Using compressed air for clean-up of debris containing lead is prohibited in British Columbia, and controlled in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut (additional safety control measures are required). Ontario Fire Code regulations prohibit the use of compressed air to clean combustible dusts from surfaces, unless additional safety control measures are used to prevent fire and explosion.

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101. (2) Where compressed air is used to clean a surface or person, an employer shall ensure that the device that is used to deliver the air is

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Cleaning with compressed air may also be prohibited when there is a risk of the worker being injured, risk of fire or explosion, or use would result in airborne concentrations of hazardous materials that exceed occupational exposure limits or other listed values.

All Dayy Photonics light sensors come with a fiber connector. To learn more about what fiber is right for your application, contact us to talk about the specialized needs in your industry.

Form-Birefringement Fibers possess a highly electrical core. Its high levels of attenuation and lack of compatibility make them unsuitable for telecom use. However, they do prove useful in some types of sensors.

The MM graded index’s refractive index is higher at the axis of the core and then decreases gradually towards the core-cladding interface. As a result, the light travels faster at the edge of the core than in the center. Different modes travel in curved paths with nearly equal travel times. This greatly reduces modal dispersion in the fiber.

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PANDA and bow-tie geometries are the most widely used, as they are preferred by many manufacturers of gyros, other sensors, and telecom components.

Because the SMF only transmits one mode, modal dispersion (the primary cause of pulse overlap) is eliminated. As a result, the bandwidth is much higher with an SMF than that of a multimode fiber. Because of this higher bandwidth, SMFs are used in all modern long-range communication systems. Typical core diameters are relatively small since there is only one path the light can travel down; between 5 and 10 µm, depending on wavelength.

All three shapes work in the same way. The cores are wrapped around high-expansion glass that shrinks back more than the surrounding silica, thus keeping the core in tension. This tension creates birefringence, meaning it causes indices of birefraction. The greater the applied stress, the greater the difference in propagation constant between the slow and fast axis and the higher the birefringence.

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In many Canadian jurisdictions, cleaning with compressed air is prohibited (not allowed) by law. Alberta, Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan specifically mention that compressed air shall not be used to clean clothing worn by a worker, to clean a person, or be directed towards a worker.  In Prince Edward Island it is prohibited to disconnect air lines from air-operated tools for this purpose.

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Some federal regulations limiting the use of compressed air for cleaning are sector-specific, including aviation, maritime operations, oil and gas, offshore marine installations, and on-board trains.

First, compressed air is extremely forceful. Depending on its pressure, compressed air can dislodge particles. These particles are a danger since they can enter your eyes or abrade the skin. The possible damage would depend on the size, weight, shape, composition, and speed of the particles. The pressure used to remove the particles from machines and surfaces is also strong enough to blow the filings, shavings, chips, and particles of metal into the eyes, ears, or skin of people. Compressed air can enter the body where the skin is not present (i.e., ear, nose, rectum or any scratch or puncture in the skin, however small) and can cause damage. There have also been reports of hearing damage caused by the pressure of compressed air and by its sound.

If the light is polarized in a way that the electric field aligns with the major axis of the elliptical core, the light experiences a higher refractive index compared to when it aligns with the minor axis. As a result, this alignment is known as the slow axis because the light takes a little longer to travel through it.

A highly birefringent or HiBi SAP fiber where the stress across the core is created by the addition of two bow-tie shaped stress applying parts (SAPs) in the fiber cladding at opposite sides to the core. The exact shape of the bows, their composition, and separation to the core can be modified during the manufacturing process, so different levels of birefringence are delivered.

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PM fibers have various applications in specialized fields. They are commonly employed in areas such as fiber optic sensing, interferometry, and quantum key distribution. In the telecommunications industry, they are particularly useful for connecting a source laser to a modulator because modulators require polarized light as their input, and PM fibers help maintain the desired polarization of the light during transmission.

Stimulated emission produces photons of identical frequencies. ← monochromatic! • Spontaneous emission in laser output adds to the linewidth. ← Schawlow- ...

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Cleaning of surfaces, structures, materials, machinery, work benches, floors, etc. may also be specifically prohibited.

Graded-index multimode fibers are used for data communications and networks carrying signals across medium distances - typically no more than a couple of kilometers, while step-index multimode fibers are mostly used for imaging and illumination (i.e., short distances).

Optical fibers are most often employed to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber and are now widely used in long-distance telecommunication, short-distance network communications, and remote sensing, where the fiber is the sensor itself or is used to connect a sensor to a measurement system.

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Personal protection equipment (PPE) must be worn to protect the worker's body, especially the eyes, against particles and dust under pressure. Respiratory protection should also be used if there is a risk that hazardous particulate matter will be inhaled.

Optical fibers are made from either glass or plastic, and most are about as thin as a human hair. Fibers may be many miles long and are considerably lighter than traditional metal wire.

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In addition, air guns should also be used with some local exhaust ventilation or facilities to control the generation of airborne particulates. When compressed air cleaning is unavoidable, hazards can be reduced by making adjustments to the air gun such as:

(a) commercially manufactured and approved in the manufacturer's specifications for the purpose of cleaning a surface or person with compressed air; or

If light is coupled into both axes, the resulting polarization becomes elliptical, unless the coherence length of the light source is longer than the phase difference. Changes in strain and temperature can alter this elliptical state, so it is crucial to align the polarization axis of the laser source precisely with the polarization axis of the fiber.

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chip guards or curtains that can deflect flying dust or debris, extension tubes that provide the worker a safer working distance, or air guns equipped with injection exhausts and particle collection bags.

In fiber optics, there are three types of optical fiber: Single Mode, Multi-Mode Step Index and Multi-Mode Graded Index. In this article we review the features of each type and discuss which applications are best suited to which fiber.

Fourth, when combustible dust becomes airborne there is a risk of fire or explosion. Sources of ignition (sparks, energized machinery) can ignite the airborne combustible dust causing injury, death, and property damage.

You control the amount of reflected light on surfaces with a polarizer. Reflections often are very bright and near to blown out, so not much ...

PM fibers have stress elements integrated into their cladding, which breaks the fiber's symmetry. This allows the fibers to guide light in two perpendicular polarization states called the fast and slow axes. When linearly polarized light is coupled into one of these axes, the polarization is preserved as it travels through the fiber. Usually, the linearly polarized laser light is coupled into the slow axis because it is less affected by bending of the fiber.

When using compressed air to clean combustible dusts, potential ignition sources in the dust removal area must be controlled. All sources of ignition must be eliminated, and all machinery and equipment must be de-energized or rated for safe use in atmospheres containing combustible dusts.

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Graded-index fibers have bandwidths which are significantly greater than step-index fibers, but still much lower than single-mode fibers. Typical core diameters of graded-index fibers are 50, 62.5, and 100 µm. The main application for graded-index fibers is in medium-range communications, such as local area networks.

An SMF, also known as fundamental- or mono-mode, is an optical fiber designed to carry only a single mode of light, the transverse mode.

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The corrections made to keep the focus at a point only work from one direction. The lenses are most commonly made to focus light in such a way that the grooved ...

Use effective guarding methods that prevent a chip or particle (of any size) from being blown into the eyes or unbroken skin of the operator or other workers nearby. You may also use barriers, baffles, or screens to protect other workers near the operator if there is a risk of exposure.

Note: Maximum air pressure limits are legislated by British Columbia (70 kPa/10 psig), New Brunswick (69 kPa),North West Territories (68.9 kPa/10 psi), Nunavut (68.9 kPa/10 psi), Yukon (69 kPa/10 psi), and where permitted under federal regulations (69 kPa/10 psi). In Quebec, compressed air used to clean equipment or machines must be less than 200 kPa, unless inside a specially designed enclosure.

In stress birefringent fibers, the birefringence is created as a consequence of the addition of two stress applying parts (SAPs) at opposite sides of the core in the cladding of the fiber. Most applications use the slow access exclusively and are widely seen in the telecom and sensor industries.

Most PM fibers used today have one of three birefringement geometries (shapes); PANDA, Bow-tie or Elliptical Clad. They all belong to the family of stress-birefringement fibers and are designed based on the specific geometry of the stress elements integrated into the fiber’s cladding.

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Third, using air to clean forces the dirt and dust particles into the air, making these contaminants airborne and creating a respiratory hazard.

Second, the compressed air itself is also a serious hazard. On rare occasions, some of the compressed air can enter the blood stream through a break in the skin or a body opening. An air bubble in the blood stream is known medically as an embolism, a dangerous medical condition in which a blood vessel is blocked, in this case, by an air bubble. An embolism of an artery can cause coma, paralysis or death depending upon its size, duration, and location. While air embolisms are usually associated with incorrect diving procedures, they are possible with compressed air due to high pressures. While this seems improbable, even a small quantity of air or other gas in the blood can quickly be fatal.

Polarization Maintaining (PM) fiber is an SMF that maintains two polarization modes by intentionally inducing uniform birefringence along the entire fiber length. PMs have a fast axis and slow axis, which is important when the input polarization needs to be maintained in the fiber. Normal SMFs carry randomly polarized light, whereas PM fiber is designed to propagate only one polarization of the input light.

No. Under no circumstances should anyone use compressed air to clean off clothing or any part of the body. Although many people know using compressed air to clean debris or clothes can be hazardous, it is still used because of old habits and the easy availability of compressed air in many workplaces. However, cleaning objects, machinery, bench tops, clothing and other things with compressed air is dangerous. Injuries can be caused by the air jet and by particles made airborne (re-entering the air). Many workplace injuries occur due to the misuse of compressed air.