Another division of the areas of classical mechanics, used mostly in engineering leaves the definition of kinematics the same, but what we referred to as dynamics above is called kinetics.

Neutral density filters(ND) are one of the staple components of virtually every serious landscape photographers gear bag(read some outdoor photography tips). The great thing ND filters allow us to do is shoot longer exposures in bright light without overexposure. A good analogy I always like to use is that ND filters are light sunglasses for your lens. Neutral density filters are a great way to remain flexible with your shooting even when conditions aren’t ideal.

You should think of it in terms of programming a computer to simulate the physical system. Kinematics is the data structure you need to simulate the general situation, what variables with what range of values. Dynamics is the actual algorithm that simulates the motion.

Dynamics then refers to mechanics applied to proper motion only (i.e. not including stationary case). In other words, dynamics is the kinematics and kinetics of proper motion.

It is traditional to regard the distinction between kinematics and dynamics as absolutely clear cut, but possibly the most important thing to understand about them is that this is not always the case. As a simple example consider the case of a particle that can move along a fixed track. You could regard the constraint that keeps it on the track as kinematical and only its actual motion along the track would be part of the dynamics, but we know that at a deeper level the particle is held on the track by dynamical forces.

The study of dynamical systems is, after all, a branch of mathematics. I hope this helps. Moreover, I hope that you appreciate that the distinction is not at all arbitrary, as some people have been led to think.

For example the kinematics of a rigid body in space describes its possible coordinate positions and orientations and the range of velocities and angular velocities etc. The dynamics describes how these would change under the influence of a given system of forces.

So? Well, we all know another word that is based of the Greek kinēma -- cinema. If we were to represent the trajectory of a particle as a function, as a computer simulation or as a movie, we would be providing a description of the particle's motion without explaining what caused it to move that way. But as physicists, we should not be merely content with painting a picture of a system's motion. That is the job for the artists.

As far as the source if kinematic and dynamic viscocity, I am not sure, and I have wondered this myself. Maybe it stems from the test methods used to measure each property.

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Perhaps the best example is in electrodynamics where a vector potential describes the field kinematics with the electric and magnetic fields being given by suitable derivatives. In this case the Maxwell equation that tell us that the magnetic field has zero divergence is kinematical because it follows without use of the equations of motion, but the divergence of the electric field is equal to the electric current according to the equations of motion. So some of Maxwell's equations are kinematic and some are dynamic. In a deeper theory these fields may be derived from a system which exhibits electromagnetic duality where magnetic monopoles act as sources for the magnetic field. In that case the kinematic and dynamic parts of the Maxwell equation are interchanged under the duality so we are forced to realize that the original distinction between kinematic and dynamic was an illusion.

In mechanical systems, I would say the difference is whether the forces involved are due to static or quasi-static situations in which the forces are due to weight/gravity, springs, etc. If the forces result from accelerations then we have a dynamic system, whereas the former would be a kinematic system.

I think in general, one might interpret a distinction between kinematical and dynamical models as loosely referring to phenomenological descriptions (kinematical) versus. descriptions obtained from first principles (dynamical)

3.Dynamics- Deals with study of motion of objects taking into account the factors which cause motion.Dynamics is based on concept of force.Here,time factor plays an essential role.

Mechanics applied to the stationary case is referred to as statics. In other words, statics is the kinematics and kinetics of static equilibrium.

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1.Statics- Deals with study of material objects at rest OR deals with the study of motion of objects under the effects of forces in equilibrium.Here time factor does not play any role.

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In order to explain why our system of interest exhibits the motion that we observe, we identify forces and potentials that may have been responsible for triggering the motion. In classical mechanics, once we have identified the forces and the initial conditions of the system (the dynamics), we can then solve a differential equation to obtain a solution parameterized in time (the kinematics).

In the transmission of light example of the original questioner, I don't understand the distinction that is being made. All of the phenomena are related to the interaction of particles and light which to my way of thinking is a dynamic system. But that's at a lower level.

Like most photographic equipment, you often get what you pay for…. That doesn’t mean that every piece of budget gear isn’t capable of yielding great results. The K&F Concept 58mm ND Fader Variable Neutral Density Adjustable ND Filter is quite a mouthful to say, but essentially it is a neutral density filter that is capable of shooting at various shades of darkening. This particular filter ranges from ND2-ND400. If we’re speaking in terms of f-stops, then it equates to 1-8 ⅔ stops of light reduction. The version I tested was the 58mm size and I used it with my trusty Canon EF 50mm F1.4.

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The filter arrived well packaged and included a nice micro-fiber cloth along with a standard padded plastic filter case.

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Primarily, the distinction between kinematics and dynamics is one of causation. What do we mean by this? The etymology of the word kinematics is the Greek kinēma, which means motion. On the other hand, dynamics draws its origin from dunamis, meaning power (though we are better off thinking of it as a power in potentia, as in the ability to do something).

The filter itself functions by turning the outer ring to the desired darkening setting is reached. This ND filter functioned extremely smoothly with no binding or sticking points.

Although kinematics and dynamics are most used in classical mechanics you can extend the idea to quantum mechanics where the kinematics are described by the phase space and operators, while the dynamics is the evolution under the influence of a given Hamiltonian.

The causation of motion via "physical interactions" may be captured as "forces" (newtonian) or "energy transfer" (lagrangian). The shift in terminology from the archaic "kinetics" to "dynamics" after the formulation of lagrangian mechanics, hints at related theories like "thermodynamics", "electrodynamics", "aerodynamics", etc, that is, the "physical interactions" that cause motion.

But this is by no means the only example. A quick Google search reveals "dynamic and kinematic viscosity," "kinematic and dynamic performance," "fully dynamic and kinematic voronoi diagrams," "kinematic and reduced-dynamic precise orbit determination," and many other occurrences of this distinction.

On the other hand, it is a useful distinction. I'm sure you know the distinction somehow implicitly when you solve problems.

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In mechanics, we describe the motion of bodies, and the causes that effect them. This includes the special case where the "motion" is no motion, i.e. bodies are stationary.

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The fitler itself is well made, looks great, and lends itself to relatively respectable performance for a filter costing around $20US. Beginners will love it for its quality to cost ratio and even experienced photogs could find a place for it in their kit. The K&F Concept 58mm ND Fader Variable Neutral Density Adjustable ND Filter is a low cost option for those looking for a variable ND filter with good performance in the 1-4 stop range of light reduction. The diminished performance at the far end of the filters capabilities are indicative of the cost of the product and expectations should be tempered with that information in mind!

Let me give an example in mechanics: you swing a pendulum in a vertical plane, you swing sufficiently fast so that the trajectory is a circle. What is the tension in the pendulum when it passes in the lowest point of the circle. The tension is a dynamical quantity, because it is a force. Now, when you solve the problem, you don't write down the full equation of Newton and solve them. You use the kinematic information you have about the trajectory: it's a circle, in the lowest part of the trajectory there is no tangential acceleration, so the acceleration is directed radially inwards and is $v^2/r$. From this you can find the tension by using purely kinematic considerations and never solving $\vec{F}=m\vec{a}$ as a differential equation.

Another example might be conservation of charge. If you consider the Dirac equation for a charged particle in the presence of an electromagnetic field, you find that charge is conserved only under the influence of the equations of motion. If you quantise the system the charge is given by the sum of the quantised charges on the positrons and electrons which can only be created and destroyed in pairs. It is possible to view this as a kinematic constraint with the dynmaics only accounting for the motion of the particles.

Don't worry about it. It is an arbitrary distinction made by humans. Nature doesn't care if some phenomenon can be described/explained purely from kinematic considerations or not. It's not a fundamental distinction.

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Given the low cost of this variable ND filter from K&F Concept, I have no problem with the limited performance results achieved from my tests.

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The description of the causes, and how these causes effect the motion is called dynamics. These causes are often divided into forces and torques. This description relates the variables describing the motion above, to forces, which should depend on those variables themselves. This means that in dynamics we often have closed equations that we can solve in full generality.

Moving a little darker to approximately 3 stops of light reduction, the results were still great and allowed me to shoot long exposures with no real color tinting or vignetting to speak of from a practical standpoint.

In classical mechanics "kinematics" generally refers to the study of properties of motion-- position, velocity, acceleration, etc.-- without any consideration of why those quantities have the values they do. "Dynamics" means a study of the rules governing the interactions of these particles, which allow you to determine why the quantities have the values they do.

I first encountered this in Jackson's E&M book, where, in section 7.3 of the third edition, he writes, on the reflection and refraction of waves at a plane interface:

...  ...

This means that conservation of energy and other quantities is dynamical because it only holds when the equations of motion are in effect.

As I mentioned earlier, there is most often an unavoidable compromise between cost and quality(with a few exceptions) when it comes to camera gear. The K&F Concept variable ND is a budget ND filter currently retailing for around $20US from both Amazon and Kentfaith.com. The performance of the filter was a mix of great to, well, not so great. When used at it’s lowest optical darkening setting, the results were wonderful for a filter at this price point.

I guess you understood that in physics we do this all the time. If we didn't, many problems would be impossible to tackle without resorting to extensive computer simulations all the time. In most problems we consider, we already have some idea of the kinematics, which permits to reduce the space of acceptable solutions. Sometimes so drastically (but that is only for the simplest problems) that we can solve them by purely kinematic considerations.

Now, moving onto the darkest setting of ND400, or approximately 8 ⅔ stops, we see some extreme problems arise in terms of color tinting and image degradation.

I'd say that kinematics has to do with the space of all possible configurations of a system at one time, for example what restrictions are placed on those by conservation laws. Dynamics has to do with how configurations change as a function of time. As always, the way the term is actually used may depend on the person.

I have noticed that authors in the literature sometimes divide characteristics of some phenomenon into "kinematics" and "dynamics".

This is how I understand it. There is a series of definitions used in physics, and one used in engineering mostly. I'll describe the one used in physics first:

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To say less, Mechanics : The study of physical motion (as in kinematics) and the interactions causing such motion (as in dynamics) of a body existing in space-time.

In the final analysis the evolution of the universe does not make the same distinction between kinematic and dynamic that physicists do and it is important to appreciate that at a deeper level kinematics may turn out to be dynamics or vice-versa. So any attempt to define the difference is to some extent arbitrary and may not stand the test of time.

Kinematics: what Galileo worked on with his numerous experiments measuring displacement, velocity and acceleration of balls rolling down inclined plans.

Methods of mathematical physics like vector analysis (newtonian) , variational calculus (lagrangian) .. have dominated the domain of kinematics (the study of motion in itself), so much so, that it is believed that (classical) mechanics has been completely transformed into a mathematical subject.

I was also pleased to note that both the stock lens cap and lens hood still worked perfectly while the filter was attached.

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In many cases, forces themselves are related to location (lookup entries potential, potential energy, hamiltonian) so dynamics would allow you to predict system's behavior from given initial state.

Thus, for example, problems involving motion with constant acceleration ("A car starts from rest and accelerates at 4m/s/s. How long does it take to cover 100m?") are classified as kinematics, while problems involving forces ("A 100g mass is attached to a spring with a spring constant of 10 N/m and hangs vertically from a support. How much does the spring stretch?") are classified as "dynamics."

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2.Kinematics- Deals with study of motion of material objects without taking into account the factors which causes motion( i.e. nature of force,nature of body).Here time factor plays an essential role.

For a $20 ND filter, I was honestly surprised at how well the filter performed up till now. And from a real world point of view, the filtration offered between ND2 and ND400(1-8 ⅔ stops) was outstanding. This lends me to believe that he overall results from this filter are perfectly workable from approximately 1 to 3-4 stops of darkening. Here are three more images showing the progression of image quality across the range of filtration. It’s interesting to note that while the last image shows significant quality reduction, the massively apparent purple tinting observed in the previous example is virtually nonexistent. This is possibly due to the lengthy exposure of 25 seconds used for the image above. The white balance of my camera was set to ‘Auto’.

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The description of the motion itself is called kinematics. This just sets up the relevant degrees of freedom, represented as variables in a relevant mathematical form.

Kinematics is about the range of movement or change a system can undergo, or the state space in which it acts. Dynamics is about the movement it undergoes according to the laws of motion.

Overall, I was extremely impressed with the build of this ND filter from K&F. The material of the two elements is listed by the manufacturer as “optical quality glass” with the body of the filter likely being aluminum. Originally I had thought the housing was made from some type of resin but after a scratch test it turned out to indeed be metallic.

Another pragmatic definition: If you only need SI units derived from the meter and the second (length, time, velocity, acceleration, …), it's kinematics. If you also need SI units involving the kilogram (mass, energy, momentum, force, …), it's dynamics.