Figure 16: Sample preparation for expansion microscopy. A cell is first stained and then linked to a polymer gel matrix. The cell structure itself is then dissolved (digested), allowing the stained parts to expand isotropically with the gel, allowing the stained structure to be imaged with more detail.

Figure 9: Polarization microscopy. Photomicrograph of olivine adcumulate, formed by the accumulation of crystals with different birefringence. Variations of thickness and refractive index across the sample result in different colors. Credit: R. Hill, CSIRO.

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Welcome to the exciting world of Hyperspectral and Multispectral Drones! This guide is designed to give beginners an in depth look into these advanced drone technologies, explaining how they work, their importance, practical use cases, and notable providers.

What's the difference between light microscopy vs electron microscopy? Light microscopy typically uses wavelengths of light in the visible spectrum, which inherently limits it spatial resolution due to the Rayleigh criterion to approximately half the wavelength used (approximately 200 nm at best). However, even when using objectives with high NA and advanced image processing, this fundamental limit cannot be overcome. Instead, observing smaller structures requires the use of electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength. This is the underlying principle of electron microscopy, where electrons are used to illuminate the sample instead of visible light. Electrons have an associated wavelength which is much shorter than visible light, which allows magnifications of up to 10,000,000 x to be achieved, such that even single atoms can be resolved.

Multispectral and hyperspectral drones are powerful tools for remote sensing, but they differ significantly in data capture, complexity, and applications. Below is a comparison table highlighting the differences between the two technologies, followed by guidance on when to use each type.

Multispectral and hyperspectral sensors work by capturing light that is reflected off objects. Different materials reflect light differently, and these differences can be measured and categorized into spectral signatures.

The imaging system may also include elements such as apertures and filters that select certain portions of light from the sample, for example to see only light that has been scattered off the sample, or only light of a certain color or wavelength. As in the case of the illumination system, this type of filtering can be extremely useful to single out certain features of interest that would remain hidden when imaging all the light from the sample.Overall, both the illumination and the imaging system play a key role in how well a light microscope performs. To get the best out of light microscopy in your application, it is essential to have a good understanding of how a basic light microscope works, and what variations exist today.

Allows individual fluorophores and particular areas of interest in a sample to be singled out, can overcome the resolution limit

RGBvs multispectral vs hyperspectral

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In summary, multispectral drones are best for applications that require broader, easier-to-interpret data, making them suitable for general monitoring tasks. In contrast, hyperspectral drones excel in applications demanding high-resolution, detailed spectral information, making them ideal for more specialized, data-intensive projects.

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Figure 7: Phase contrast microscopy of a human embryonic stem cell colony. Credit Sabrina Lin, Prue Talbot, Stem Cell Center University of California, Riverside.

Hyperspectral drones offer unparalleled detail and accuracy, making them indispensable in industries that require high-resolution, data-rich insights for monitoring, analysis, and decision-making.

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The incorporation of drone technology into the agricultural sector represents a significant transformation in farming methodologies, encompassing crop cultivation, monitoring,…

Multispectral drones are specialized unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with multispectral sensors that capture images across multiple wavelengths of light, including visible (red, green, blue) and non-visible (near-infrared, red-edge) spectrums. These drones collect data by capturing light reflected off objects in these different bands, which can then be analyzed to extract valuable insights about the environment, vegetation, soil, and other elements.

By capturing detailed data across different light spectrums, multispectral drones provide actionable insights, making them valuable tools across various industries, particularly for monitoring and managing natural resources.

What is light microscopy? Light microscopy is used to make small structures and samples visible by providing a magnified image of how they interact with visible light, e.g., their absorption, reflection and scattering. This is useful to understand what the sample looks like and what it is made of, but also allows us to see processes of the microscopic world, such as how substances diffuse across a cell membrane.

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Figure 8: Differential interference contrast microscopy. Left: Schematic setup for DICM. Right: Live adult Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) nematode imaged by DICM. Credit: Bob Goldstein, Cell Image Library. Reproduced under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license (CC BY 3.0).

Multispectral and hyperspectral drones offer various applications across different industries because they capture detailed and valuable data from various environments. Here’s how they are used in key sectors:

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By comparing these signatures with known profiles of different materials, it's possible to identify and map the distribution of various elements in the surveyed area. For example, different vegetation types reflect light differently, allowing these sensors to distinguish between various plant species and identify water stress, disease, and more.

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Hyperspectral drones are advanced unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with hyperspectral sensors that capture detailed images Across an extensive range of wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum.  Unlike standard cameras or multispectral sensors, hyperspectral technology collects data in hundreds of narrow, contiguous spectral bands, providing highly detailed information about the composition and characteristics of objects or surfaces being scanned.

In conclusion, hyperspectral and multispectral drones are powerful tools, providing unique insights across various industries. As a beginner, understanding the potential of this technology is a crucial step in utilizing it to its fullest. Happy exploring!

Deconvolution in light microscopyWhat's the difference between light microscopy vs electron microscopy?Summary and conclusionLight microscopy techniques comparison table

References1. Rochow TG, Tucker PA. A Brief History of Microscopy. In: Introduction to Microscopy by Means of Light, Electrons, X Rays, or Acoustics. Springer US; 1994:1-21. doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1513-9_12. Smith WJ. Modern Optical Engineering: The Design of Optical Systems. McGraw-Hill; 1990. ISBN: 00705917413. Shribak M, Inoué S. Orientation-independent differential interference contrast microscopy. Collected Works of Shinya Inoue: Microscopes, Living Cells, and Dynamic Molecules. 2008;(Dic):953-962. doi:10.1142/9789812790866_00744. Gao G, Jiang YW, Sun W, Wu FG. Fluorescent quantum dots for microbial imaging. Chinese Chem Lett. 2018;29(10):1475-1485. doi:10.1016/j.cclet.2018.07.0045. Chalfie M, Tu Y, Euskirchen G, Ward W, Prasher D. Green fluorescent protein as a marker for gene expression. Science. 1994;263(5148):802-805. doi:10.1126/science.83032956. Baranov M V., Olea RA, van den Bogaart G. Chasing Uptake: Super-Resolution Microscopy in Endocytosis and Phagocytosis. 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Multispectral vs hyperspectralremote sensing

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What is light microscopy?Parts of a microscope and how a light microscope worksSimple and compound microscopesTypes of light microscopy-     Bright field microscopy-     Dark field microscopy-     Phase contrast microscopy-     Differential interference contrast microscopy-     Polarized light microscopy-     Fluorescence microscopy-     Immunofluorescence microscopy-     Confocal microscopy-     Two-photon microscopy-     Light sheet microscopy-     Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy-     Expansion microscopy

A Comprehensive Guide to Hyperspectral and Multispectral Drones Welcome to the exciting world of Hyperspectral and Multispectral Drones! This guide…

Some of the most fundamental processes in nature occur at the microscopic scale, far beyond the limits of what we can see by eye, which motivates the development of technology that allows us to see beyond this limit. As early as the 4th century AD, people had discovered the basic concept of an optical lens, and by the 13th century, they were already using glass lenses to improve their eyesight and to magnify objects such as plants and insects to better understand them.1 With time, these simple magnifying glasses developed into advanced optical systems, known as light microscopes, which allow us to see and understand the microscopic world beyond the limits of our perception. Today, light microscopy is a core technique in many areas of science and technology, including life sciences, biology, materials sciences, nanotechnology, industrial inspection, forensics and many more. In this article, we will first explore the basic working principle of light microscopy. Building on this, we will discuss some more advanced forms of light microscopy that are commonly used today and compare their strengths and weaknesses for different applications.

These applications demonstrate how multispectral and hyperspectral drones provide valuable insights across industries, helping optimize processes, reduce costs, and improve decision-making in agriculture, forestry, environmental monitoring, and mining.

Strong background suppression from non-birefringent areas of a sample, allows measurement of sample thickness and birefringence

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Figure 17: Image deconvolution. Left: Original fluorescence image. Right: Image after deconvolution, showing increased detail. Credit: Author.