Refraction of light is one of the most commonly observed phenomena, but other waves like sound waves and water waves also experience refraction. Refraction makes it possible for us to have optical instruments such as magnifying glasses, lenses and prisms. It is also because of the refraction of light that we are able to focus light on our retina.

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The refractive Index is dimensionless. For a given material, the refractive index is the ratio between the speed of light in a vacuum (c) and the speed of light in the medium (v). If the refractive index for a medium is represented by n, then it is given by the following formula:

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Refraction is the bending of a wave when it passes from one medium to another. The bending is caused due to the differences in density between the two substances.

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Solution: Let the fibre be medium 1 and air medium 2. Therefore, n1 = 1.44, n2 = 1.00, and θ,1 = 30o. Substituting the values in the equation, we get (1.44) sin 30o = 1.00 sin θ2 sin θ2 = (1.44/1.00) sin 30o = 1.44 (0.500) = 0.720 θ2 = sin-1 (0.720) = 46o This time we notice that the angle of refraction is larger than the angle of incidence. This indicates that the light is bending away from the normal as it enters a rarer material.

1. Light travelling in air enters into an optical fibre of refractive index 1.44. a) In which direction does the light bend? b) If the angle of incidence on one end of the fibre is 22o, then what is the angle of refraction?

A light ray refracts whenever it travels at an angle into a medium of different refractive indices. This change in speed results in a change in direction. As an example, consider air travelling into water. The speed of light decreases as it continues to travel at a different angle.

Based on the refractive index of the medium, the light ray changes its direction, or it bends at the junction separating the two media. If the light ray travels from one medium to another of a higher refractive index, it bends towards the normal, else it bends away from the normal.

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Solution: a) The light travels from a rarer medium(air) to a denser medium(optical fibre). Hence the refracted ray will bend towards the normal. b) The angle of refraction can be calculated as follows: Let air be medium 1 and optical fibre be medium 2. Therefore, n1 = 1.00, n2 = 1.44, and θ1= 22o. Now, substituting the values in the equation as follows: (1.00) sin 22o = 1.44 sin θ2. sin θ2 = (1.00/1.44) sin 22o = 0.260 θ2 = sin-1 (0.260) = 15o

The refraction of light in glass is shown in the figure above. When light travels from air into glass, the light slows down and changes direction slightly. When light travels from a less dense substance to a denser substance, the refracted light bends more towards the normal line. If the light wave approaches the boundary in a perpendicular direction, the light ray doesn’t refract despite the change in speed.

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2. The light travelling through the optical fibre reaches the end of the optical fibre and exits into the air. If the angle of incidence at the end of the tube is 30o. Then what would the angle of refraction outside the fibre be?

Did you know that the twinkling effect of stars is due to atmospheric refraction? The starlight undergoes several refractions while reaching the Earth. This atmospheric refraction occurs in a medium of gradually changing refractive index.

We know that light is a form of energy and can undergo various phenomena like diffraction, reflection, refraction, interference, and polarisation. Refraction is the phenomenon that takes place due to the bending of light when it travels from medium to another. In this article, let us briefly understand the process of refraction.