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Have a look at this image of a magnifying lens on the Wikipedia page about Optics. It shows clearly how the lightbeams from the top of the image travel trough different parts of the lens. The lens then bends them (through refraction) in such a way that, to the observer, the lightbeams appear to come from a point that is further to the left and to the top. That is the virtual image. All the lens has done is to bend the lightbeams in a way that makes them appear to come from a "virtual", larger object. In the process it magnifies the object. As the lens bends the lightbeams, we cannot see the real object through the lens, only the magnified virtual image.

White light is made up of light of all different colors, or wavelengths. Since the index of refraction of the tape is different for each color of light, each color has its own unique pair of speeds as it passes through the tape. The result is that the polarization of each color is changed by a different amount for a given thickness of tape.

Lenses inPhysics

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by JJ Gil · 2023 · Cited by 1 — Equiprobable incoherent mixtures of two totally polarized states of light whose associated three-dimensional Jones vectors are mutually orthogonal are ...

Light GCSEPhysics

The thicker the tape is, the more out of step the components will become, and the greater the change in the polarization will be. If, for example, the two waves recombine after one has been delayed by one-half a wavelength, the direction of polarization of the light will be rotated by 90 degrees.

The colors you see here result from differences in the speed of polarized light as it travels through the transparent tape.

How does a magnifying glass work? I know it creates a virtual image of the observed object but how is it possible that humans can see the virtual image?

In transparent tape, long polymer molecules are stretched parallel to the length of the tape. Light polarized parallel to the stretch of the molecules travels through the tape more slowly than light polarized perpendicular to the stretch.

What isareal image inPhysics

Every material has an index of refraction, which is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in the material. Light travels through the tape you used in this demonstration at two different speeds. (Materials with this property are called birefringent, which is derived from the Greek words for “doubly refracting.”)

What is focal lengthPhysics

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The waves that compose these two components are initially in step with each other. But as they travel at different speeds through the tape, they go out of step—that is, the crest of one wave no longer lines up with the crest of the other. When these out-of-step light waves emerge from the tape on the other side, they recombine, making light with a polarization different from that of the original light.

When a second piece of polarizer is placed over the tape and rotated, it transmits different colors at different angles. This accounts for the color combinations you see at a given angle, and for the changes in color as the polarizer is rotated (click to enlarge diagram below).

A note about the tape used in this Snack: Before you buy large quantities of transparent tape, test the brand you're buying by placing a strip of the tape between two pieces of polarizing material. For convenience, you can actually stick the tape to one of the polarizers, and then rotate the other polarizer against it. If the tape changes from dark to light, or vice versa, you can use it in this Snack. If the tape remains the same shade of darkness when you rotate the polarizer, it won't work here.

Using transparent tape and polarizing material, you can make and project beautifully colored patterns reminiscent of abstract or geometric stained-glass windows. Rotating the polarizer as you view the patterns makes the colors change. With a little creativity, you can also create colorful renditions of objects or scenes.

Note that the above description is true only for a magnifying (convex) lens. For concave lenses, the beams would be bent in a different way, and the virtual image will appear smaller than the real object.

Magnifying Glass

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The liquid crystal displays (LCDs) on most computer monitors and laptop screens polarize the light that comes from them. You can verify this by looking at a LCD screen through one of your polarizers. You can try this Snack by putting tape directly on a LCD screen. The tape will look clear, but you can reveal the mosaic any time by looking at the screen through a polarizer.

When polarized light enters the tape, its direction of polarization will probably not line up with the length of tape. If the light is polarized in a direction that does not line up, its direction of polarization will be resolved into two perpendicular components. One of these components will be parallel to the length of the tape, and one will be perpendicular.

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