Aperture controls the amount of light that reaches the sensor. Together with shutter speed and ISO, the aperture controls the efficient use of available light and the luminosity of the image. When the aperture is wide open (small f-stop), more light reaches the sensor and creates a brighter image. When the aperture is narrow (large f-stop), less light reaches the sensor and creates a darker image.

F numberin alphabet

Diagonal Field of View (FOV) at a Specific Image Distance: Values provided at different image distances (e.g., 124° @ 10mm)

The formula calculates the difference between the expected height of an object based on the sensor size and its actual distorted height based on the distortion values and field of view. This difference is then expressed as a percentage of the vertical sensor size to provide a measure of barrel distortion.

Optical distortion represents the overall distortion parameter of the optical system. F-Tan theta or optical distortion can be calculated using the following formula.

Low f numberchart

The lowest f-stop available is f/0.7. It belongs to Zeiss Planar 50mm, a lens used by NASA to film the moon, and Stanley Kubrick to make a film at candlelight. However, most photo lenses go as low as f/2, fewer go to f/1.2, and only a few reach f/0.95.

F-Tan (Theta) method uses the tan(theta) relationship to calculate a reference height based on magnification, and the F(Theta) method uses F*theta (radians) to represent the ideal image point location based on its angular position.

If you really want to blur the background for macro or wildlife shots, you’ll need to look for a lens with a maximum aperture of f/2.8 or even f/1.4. If you’re shopping for a lens that zooms, it’s normal for the lens to have a wider maximum aperture when it’s zoomed out than when it zooms in. That’s why some lenses have two apertures listed in their titles, such as 18-55mm f/3.5-5.6.

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Low f numberphotography

Learning the parts of your camera and how to use them is the most important step in your photography journey. Experiment with settings, shots, and styles, and you’ll soon be mastering your new hobby.

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Inside every lens is a mechanical aperture. Consisting of several connected blades (generally between six and nine), the aperture opens and closes to let in more or less light. If you look at older manual aperture lenses, you can see the aperture opening and closing with a twist of a dial. In modern lenses, you change the aperture by adjusting the settings in your camera body.

Lens datasheets often include distortion information to help photographers and engineers understand how the lens behaves. Lens distortion refers to the phenomenon where straight lines in a scene appear curved in the final image. This happens because lenses don’t perfectly focus light from all parts of the field of view.

The F*tan(theta) method is a more general approach to calculating distortion. It’s often used for initial distortion assessment in various lenses, including photographic lenses. This method helps understand how straight lines deviate from their ideal positions due to distortion.

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Before the light from the scene can hit your digital camera’s sensor and help create an exposure, it must first travel through the camera lens. The amount of light that reaches the sensor depends on your lens and the settings you’ve chosen.

You can also set the aperture manually and allows the camera to decide the best shutter speed for the available lighting conditions. To use a fixed f stop, the camera has to be in the Aperture Priority mode.

f-number formula

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F*tan(theta) calculations are used in camera calibration processes, where distortion parameters are estimated for correcting captured images. Lens designers often utilize F*tan(theta) calculations during the design phase to predict and minimize distortion in the final lens. This helps create lenses with minimal image curvature and ensures accurate image reproduction.

When it comes to photography, there are a lot of new terms to learn: exposure (internal redirect), shutter speed (internal redirect), ISO, and f-stop. Some of these terms are more self explanatory than others. For many beginners, f-stop is one of the trickier terms in their new hobby, so let’s go back to basics and give you a solid understanding of f-stops.

F-stops may seem a bit counter-intuitive to learn, but once you get the hang of it, you’ll know it for life. The key takeaway is this: the smaller the number, the bigger the physical opening of the aperture. Conversely, the larger the number, the smaller the physical opening. So f/1.4 is a very wide opening (or larger aperture) while f/22 is a much smaller opening (or smaller aperture).

That’s also why landscape photographers typically shoot in the f/11 to f/22 range — they want more of the landscape in focus, from the foreground to the distant horizon. Take a look at the graphic below to see it in action.

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Mathematically, distortion can be represented in three different ways in the lens datasheet; let us look at each of them in detail.

F stops generally range from f/1.4 (let in lots of lot for darker areas) to all the way to f/22 (let in little light for bright areas). A wider aperture will keep less of the scene in focus. A narrower aperture will give a crisp focus to more of the scene. Portrait photographers prefer wider apertures like f/2.8 or even f/4 — they can focus on the subject and blur the background.

Low f numberexample

The f-stop refers to the aperture opening of the lens through which light can pass to the sensor or film. By looking at the current f-stop listed, you can quickly get an idea of how much light you’re allowing in, and how much depth of field you will have in your image.

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The largest f-stop available is f/45. It belongs to Sigma 105mm f/2.8 EX DG Macro and provides the maximum depth of field possible for a macro lens. There is also an f/40 aperture in Itorex 50mm, a lens that recreates the pinhole lens effect. Most commercial lenses have the minimum aperture at f/32 or f/16.

We’ve already referred to the lens opening as “f-stop” and “aperture,” but it’s also sometimes called the “f number” or “f-stop number.” When shopping for a new lens, you’ll often see apertures referred to as “f/” with a number. For instance, if you see “f/1.4” or “f/5.6,” those numbers indicate the diameter of the aperture.

In this blog, we break down distortion parameters in lens datasheets and the three ways in which distortion is represented.

Generally, subjects such as macro, which value heavily blurred backgrounds, are best shot with the widest apertures (f/1.4-f/4). This ensures that all elements of the scene are in focus, from the foreground to the distant background.Practice working in these general f-stop ranges until you get more comfortable with the available apertures on each of your lenses. Then you can experiment to get exactly the look you’re going for!

When the camera is in Auto mode, it automatically decides the aperture and other settings based on the available light. If you want to set shutter speed and f-stop (aperture), the camera has to be in Aperture mode or Manual mode.

TV Distortion, as the name suggests, originated in the context of television applications. It can be calculated using the following formula:

F-stop, or aperture, specifically controls the size of the opening in the lens. With a larger opening (or a smaller f-stop number) you’ll allow more light to enter. With a smaller opening (or a larger f-stop number) you’ll allow less light to enter. By controlling the amount of light entering the lens, you’re also controlling the overall exposure of the image. Images with a wider aperture opening will be more prone to overexposure, while images with a narrower aperture opening will be more prone to underexposure. You’ll need to adjust your shutter speed or ISO accordingly to balance out changes in f-stop and to get the ideal exposure.

Aperture also influences the depth of field, determining how much of the image will be in focus. Small apertures produce a deep depth of field and allow you to have the entire frame in focus. Large apertures produce a shallow depth of field and let you blur a busy background and make the subject more visible.

F(Theta) method focuses on the angular relationship between the ideal undistorted image point and the actual distorted image point without needing magnification information.

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f-number calculator

A negative value indicates barrel distortion (objects appear smaller towards the edges). In the above example, the calculation shows a higher barrel distortion (-39.5%) at a larger image distance (10mm). As the image distance decreases (9mm and 5mm), the distortion percentages become less negative, indicating a decrease in the barrel effect.

F-Theta lenses are specifically designed to maintain a constant image size (or spot size for lasers) across a scan field. The F-Theta calculation helps ensure the accuracy of this constant size by measuring deviations from the ideal. These lenses are used in various applications like laser marking and engraving, laser cutting, 3D printing and LiDAR.

The same wheel or slider controls shutter speed and aperture on most cameras. To change the aperture, you have to hold down the AV button and then adjust the wheel. Both the AV button and aperture/shutter speed control wheel are on the top-right of the camera. You have a wheel for both aperture and shutter speed on more advanced cameras.

Lowf-number lens

Both methods can be used to estimate distortion, but they can be more applicable in certain situations. F-Tan (Theta) is preferred when the focus is on object size and magnification changes due to distortion. And the F(Theta) method is used to get the angular relationship of distorted image points without needing magnification information.

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The F-Tan (Theta) method uses the tangent function to relate the angle to object size and magnification. Whereas the F(Theta) method focuses on the angular position of the image point relative to the centre. Both the methods require the focal length (F) and the diagonal FOV (degrees). But in the F(Theta) method the FOV in degrees is converted to radians.

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Every lens has what’s called a maximum aperture, meaning the widest the aperture can possibly go. Traditionally, less expensive kit lenses don’t feature the wider range of apertures. They might only go as wide as f/4 or even f/5.6.

A couple of important things happen when you change your f-stop. First of all, a wider aperture (think f/1.4 to f/2.8) will let a lot more light in through the lens and on to the sensor. This allows you to shoot with a much faster shutter speed. A narrower aperture (think f/16 to f/22) will let in much less light and require a slower shutter speed.

Prabu is the Chief Technology Officer and Head of Camera Products at e-con Systems, and comes with a rich experience of more than 15 years in the embedded vision space. He brings to the table a deep knowledge in USB cameras, embedded vision cameras, vision algorithms and FPGAs. He has built 50+ camera solutions spanning various domains such as medical, industrial, agriculture, retail, biometrics, and more. He also comes with expertise in device driver development and BSP development. Currently, Prabu’s focus is to build smart camera solutions that power new age AI based applications.

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Imagine a scene with a square grid. In barrel distortion, the grid would bulge outwards, making the squares appear wider on the edges. Meanwhile, in pincushion distortion, the grid would sink inwards, making the squares appear narrower on the edges. Mustache distortion would cause the grid lines to become wavy.