The concept of resolution is inseparable from contrast, and is defined as the minimum separation between two points that results in a certain level of ...

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Canon has also developed an ultra high pixel count sensor, using advanced miniaturisation techniques to reduce the photosite size. This facilitates very high resolution image capture, with a pixel count up to 250MP. In an image captured using this technology, it is possible to distinguish the lettering on an aircraft in flight 18km away and achieve a resolution approximately 30 times higher than that of 4K video. This has great potential for applications in surveillance, astronomical observation and medical imaging. One shortcoming of current CMOS sensors is that, for technical reasons including data bandwidth, their data is read out sequentially rather than all at once. This results in issues such as "rolling shutter" distortion of fast-moving subjects that have changed their position during the time the frame is being read out. The advanced CMOS sensor in the EOS R3 enables much faster readout speeds, greatly alleviating this issue, and Canon is actively investigating other solutions such as "global shutter" technology, which enables readout of the entire sensor in one go, but this technology is very complex, adds both image noise and cost, and can't yet produce very high-quality outputs.

In 2000, Canon introduced its first CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) sensor, in the 3.1MP EOS D30. Unlike the CCD sensor, which transfers charges across the sensor to a single output node, a CMOS sensor contains multiple transistors at each photosite, enabling the charge to be processed directly at the site. This has several implications. For a start, CMOS sensors require less power, making them more energy efficient. They can also read off electrical charges at a much faster rate, which is crucial for shooting high-speed sequences. What's more, CMOS sensors share the same basic structure as computer microprocessors, which allows for mass production at a lower cost while incorporating additional functions such as noise reduction and image processing right on the sensor. All of Canon's current PowerShot, EOS and Cinema EOS camera ranges feature CMOS sensors, including the mirrorless EOS R System line.

Brightech manufactures a 2-in-1 magnifying glass that comes in a hands-free design and offers 25x magnification. This magnifying glass can act as a reading enhancement tool and a reading lamp simultaneously. The cost is just over $20 on Amazon.

How cameras create a digital image. Light from the subject you're shooting is focused through the lens onto the image sensor (2), which is covered with a mosaic filter (1) to enable it to detect colour and not just light intensity. The electrical signal generated by the sensor may be amplified by analogue electronics (3) before passing through an analogue-to-digital converter (4) to the image processor (5). After processing, the camera may temporarily hold images in a buffer (6) while it writes them to the memory card.

The RF lens mount is at the heart of Canon's EOS R System. Find out about the many innovations and design advances it has made possible.

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Reading glasses or contact lenses can be prescribed to fit your individual needs. LASIK surgery is another option that has been shown to improve vision for those who undergo treatment.

Individuals who would like to avoid surgery might consider either glasses or a magnifying glass if only activities like reading have been compromised. Being able to see the small print of certain editions of books or menus becomes a marked challenge later in life. In these cases, a magnifying glass often helps.

It's clear that a sensor's megapixel count (whether it's total or effective pixels) isn't the whole story. The physical size of the sensor is an important factor. APS-C sensors are physically smaller than full-frame sensors, which means that even if the pixel counts are identical, a camera with a full-frame sensor should deliver a wider dynamic range and better low-light performance – if it has the same megapixel count but over a larger area, then it has larger photosites, which will be capable of capturing more light. This makes full-frame cameras such as the EOS R3 and EOS R5 a favourite choice for professionals, particularly those shooting landscapes, architecture or portraits. Conversely, because APS-C sensors are smaller, your subject will fill more of the frame than it would if you used the same lens with the same settings on a full-frame camera – so in effect, an APS-C sensor increases the reach of your lens. In Canon cameras, the "crop factor" is approximately 1.6x, giving you an effective focal length 1.6x greater than the same lens on a full-frame camera. This gives a 50mm lens, for example, the field of view of an 80mm lens (50 x 1.6 = 80). This means APS-C cameras are well suited for a broad range of uses including wildlife and street photography. In addition, thanks to the smaller sensor, APS-C cameras such as the EOS R50 and EOS R10 are smaller and lighter than their full-frame counterparts, making them a great option for travel or nature shoots. Some video cameras use Super 35mm sensors (active area approximately 24.6 x 13.8mm, depending on the resolution setting), which are slightly larger than APS-C (22.2 x 14.8mm) but still less than half the area of full-frame (36 x 24mm). They are widely used in the film industry thanks to their balance between cost, image quality and cinematic look (with a shallow depth of field). Camcorders and other camera types use a range of other sensor sizes, such as the 20.1MP 1.0-type stacked CMOS sensor in the compact PowerShot G7 X Mark III and the 11.7MP 1/2.3 CMOS sensor in the PowerShot PX.

Below, we’ve outlined what magnifying glasses are, why they are often used, and when to consider utilizing a magnifying glass to improve your vision and quality of life.

CCD and CMOS sensors measure the intensity of light – in other words, how many photons reach the sensor within a specified time. SPAD (Single Photon Avalanche Diode) sensors work differently, using the "avalanche" effect in semiconductors. When a photon strikes the sensor, it generates an electron, which then triggers a chain reaction or "avalanche" of electron production. This cascading effect causes a large current to flow instantaneously, which is read out as a voltage signal in the form of a train of pulses corresponding to individual photons. This unique light-sensing technology means SPAD sensors can achieve incredible low-light performance. Using the outstanding SPAD sensor, Canon has developed the MS-500, a breakthrough interchangeable-lens camera capable of capturing high-definition colour footage in extremely low-light conditions, even the near-total darkness of a night-time environment.

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CMOS sensors come in different sizes. A full-frame sensor has approximately 1.6x the active surface area of an APS-C sensor.

If two sensors have the same total pixel count but one is physically larger than the other, then each photosite on the larger one must be bigger. This is sometimes included in camera specs as the "pixel pitch" – a 21MP APS-C camera might have a pixel pitch of about 4.22 microns while a 21MP full-frame camera might be 6.45 microns. Photosites act as "light buckets" and, in the same way that a wider bucket would capture more rainwater than a narrower bucket, a larger photosite captures more photons (shown in yellow) with relatively less random noise (grey).

Magnifying glasses usually consist of a convex lens that bulges outward, which is normally made of glass or plastic. It is a lens that magnifies objects.

CMOS sensor technology has continued to evolve. An innovation developed by Canon is Dual Pixel CMOS AF technology, which enables each pixel on the sensor to be used for both imaging and autofocus, resulting in faster and more accurate AF performance. Another development in Canon's CMOS technology is the stacked, back-illuminated sensor used in the EOS R3. This design places the photodiodes above the transistor layer to improve light collection efficiency, resulting in less image noise and better image quality. Additionally, the stacked structure allows faster data readout, contributing to the camera's high-speed performance. This technology enables the EOS R3 to meet the demands of both high-end video production and high-resolution photography. Canon's CMOS sensor research and development is ongoing. One recent result of this is an ultra high sensitivity 35mm full-frame CMOS sensor, with much larger photo receptors (approximately 7.5 times the size of those in previous sensors). Larger photo receptors are able to capture more light, in this case achieving a sensitivity equivalent to ISO 4 million, enabling a camera to capture vivid colour images of very dark environments. This technology is used in the Canon ME20F-SH ultra low light video camera.

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Depth of field, the area of apparent sharpness in an image, is one of the main creative controls in photography. Here's all you need to know.

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Discover how the advanced technologies and innovations in EOS R System cameras and RF lenses produce greatly improved low-light performance.

The aging process often includes changes in overall eyesight and vision. Age-related farsightedness makes it difficult to see things up close. For many individuals who enjoy reading, glasses or magnifiers become necessary in order to curl up with a nice book.

Firmware updates unlock new features and boost performance in Canon's pro mirrorless cameras, including 400MP resolution in the EOS R5 and more.

With a robust and weatherproof housing plus 4K UHD resolution, 15x optical zoom, 12G-SDI and Dual Pixel CMOS AF, the CR-X500 is the ideal PTZ camera for remote productions and monitoring.

There are different sensor types and sizes, as well as different technologies such as this DGO (Dual Gain Output) sensor in the Canon EOS C70 video camera. But in all digital still and video cameras, the sensor is the key component in capturing an image.

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A handy guide to which Canon cameras have which features –weather-sealing, IBIS, Animal Eye Detection AF, a Vari-Angle screen and more.

The DGO (Dual Gain Output) sensor is an advanced image sensor used in the Canon EOS C300 Mark III and EOS C70 professional video cameras.

In Canon's Dual Pixel CMOS AF system, each photo receptor in the sensor has two separate photodiodes (marked A and B), and comparing the signals from the two determines whether that point is in sharp focus. At the same time, the output (C) from the photo receptor is used for imaging.

The most common type of colour filter mosaic in digital sensors, a Bayer array. This is what makes it possible for the sensor to detect colour, not just light intensity. There are more photosites dedicated to green because the human eye happens to be more sensitive to green light than to blue or red.

The camera's specially developed full-frame CMOS sensor is designed specifically for low light video capture. With larger photo receptors, it maximises light-gathering capabilities to deliver ultra-low-light images with low noise.

Age-related farsightedness can start to set in when a person reaches their 40s. Also called presbyopia, this gradual, age-related loss of ability to focus on nearby objects can become a more serious issue over time. In many cases, individuals are no longer able to keep up with their normal reading schedule out of difficulty or frustration.

MagniPros offers their Hands-Free Magnifying Glass Large Full-Page Rectangular 3X Magnifier LED Lighted Illuminated, which features a dozen LED lights for enhanced reading. This model features a large surface area for viewing and reading larger books or magnifying entire pages. This model is priced at just shy of $32 on Amazon.

Both a CMOS sensor (A) and a SPAD sensor (B) include p-type semiconductors (2) and n-type semiconductors (3) but in different configurations. When a single photon (1) strikes either type of sensor, a single electron is generated (4). In a CMOS sensor, the charge of a single electron is too small to be detected as an electrical signal, so the charge has to be accumulated over a certain period of time. By contrast, a SPAD sensor amplifies the charge by approximately one million times using a phenomenon called Avalanche Multiplication (5), which causes a large current to flow instantaneously, enabling the sensor to detect that a single photon has hit it.

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There are several different types of image sensor. Digital photography arrived in the mid-1980s with the introduction of CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) sensors. These sensors were the first to make it possible to capture images without the use of film, revolutionising photography. CCD sensors are composed of an integrated grid of semiconductor capacitors capable of holding an electrical charge. When light reaches the sensor, these capacitors, acting as individual photosites, absorb the light and convert it into an electrical charge. The amount of charge at each photosite is directly proportional to the intensity of the light that strikes it. In a CCD sensor, the charge from each photosite is transferred through the sensor's grid (hence the term charge-coupled) and read at one corner of the array, in the same way that water might be passed along a bucket brigade or human chain. This method ensures a high degree of image quality and uniformity because each pixel uses the same pathway to output its signal. For this reason, Canon's first professional digital camera, the EOS-1D, launched in 2001, had a 4.15MP CCD sensor. However, this process is also more power-intensive than the process in CMOS sensors.

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Canon’s DGO sensor works by reading each pixel at two different amplification levels, one high and one low, and then combining these two readouts into a single image. The high amplification readout is optimised to capture fine details in shadow regions while reducing noise. The low amplification readout is designed to maintain and accurately reproduce information in the highlights. Combining these produces an image that has a broader dynamic range, retains more detail and exhibits less noise compared to images from conventional sensor technologies. The DGO technology does not consume any more power than a conventional sensor, and is also compatible with Canon's Dual Pixel CMOS AF system and electronic image stabilisation, delivering fast, reliable autofocus and a super-steady image.

The key to Canon's Dual Gain Output (DGO) technology is that each photosite on the sensor is read at two amplification levels, one high-gain and one low, and the two readouts are then combined into a single HDR image with astonishing detail and low noise.

Find out how the tech in Canon's IS lenses works to keep images sharp despite camera shake, which IS mode to use for best results, and more.

Learn about RGB and CMYK colour systems. Find out how Canon inks and paper are designed to work in harmony with printers, providing colour accuracy.

Unleash your ambition and make the whole world cinematic. When creativity counts, filmmakers choose Cinema EOS for exceptional image quality and control.

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Photography has the magical capacity to preserve a moment in time. Key to this is the image sensor at the heart of every digital camera. Just as the retina in the human eye captures light and translates it into nerve impulses that the brain can interpret, the sensor captures light and converts it into an electrical signal that is then processed to form a digital image. Here, we take a look at how image sensors work, and explore the different types of image sensors used in Canon cameras. Digital imaging basics CCD sensors CMOS sensors Developments in CMOS sensors DGO sensors The SPAD sensor Sensor sizes explained

Great autofocus and low-light performance, 40fps, pro video features – six ways the full-frame hybrid EOS R8 can widen your creative horizons.

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If you’re wondering what the best magnifier is for you, it’s best to consider what you will be using your magnifier for. If you’re thinking of nighttime reading, you might want a hands-free magnifier, for instance.

A 1.0-type CMOS sensor. CMOS sensors of this size are used in compact cameras such as the Canon PowerShot G7 X Mark III and video cameras such as the Canon XF605 professional 4K camcorder.

For those who do not wish to use a magnifying glass, there are a few alternatives to reading aids for people with low vision that are available.

Four industry pros share their tips on preparing the perfect photography portfolio – from building a narrative to presenting your work.

The choice of sensor size depends largely on your shooting requirements and budget. Each sensor size offers distinct advantages, and understanding these can help you select the right camera for your specific needs. However, you can see why standardising on "effective pixels" provides a simpler measure for comparing different cameras and different technologies!

If you're shooting RAW, this data is saved, along with information about the camera settings, in a RAW file. If the camera is set to save images in any other file format – JPEG, HEIF or RAW+JPEG – then further processing takes place in-camera, which typically includes white balance adjustment, sharpening and noise reduction, among other processes, depending on the camera settings. It will also include demosaicing or debayering, which cleverly calculates the correct RGB colour value for each pixel (each individual photosite, remember, records only one colour – red, green or blue). The end result is a complete colour digital image – although, in truth, if the image is a JPEG, more of the original information captured by the sensor has been discarded than has been kept. You conventionally hear about the number of megapixels (millions of pixels) in a sensor, but strictly speaking the sensor does not have pixels at all, but sensels (distinct photosites). What's more, there is not a one-to-one correspondence between sensels in the sensor and pixels in the resulting digital image, for a whole range of technical reasons. It is more accurate to describe a sensor as having a certain number of "effective pixels", which simply means that the camera produces images or videos of that number of megapixels. The Canon PowerShot V10, for example, has a sensor described as approximately 20.9MP in "total pixels" but some of the sensor data is used for technical processes such as distortion correction and digital image stabilisation, with the result that the PowerShot V10 delivers video (with Movie Digital IS) at approximately 13.1MP and still images (which undergo different processes) at approximately 15.2MP.

In addition, the MS-500's bayonet mount for a 2/3-inch broadcast lens enables the camera to utilise Canon's extensive range of broadcast lenses, with their excellent super-telephoto optical performance. This means the camera is able to resolve subjects several kilometres away, even if they are unlit, making it an invaluable asset for security, surveillance and a broad range of scientific applications.

Presbyopia can come along with symptoms that include having to hold reading materials farther away in order to read, increased eye strain, and headaches.

What's the difference between electronic and mechanical shutters? How do they work? Which cameras have both, and which one should you use?

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Depending on the task the magnifier is needed for, single-lens magnifiers are often a satisfactory option for activities like reading. Higher power magnifiers are available, and they usually consist of two or more lens elements that result in an improved resolution.

The Best Feature Documentary category of the 2020 Oscar nominations was particularly dominated by productions filmed with Canon kit.

Large print books are available that are easier to read than smaller print books. Audiobooks are also available for those who do not wish to read with a magnifying glass.

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The stacked, back-illuminated CMOS sensor in the Canon EOS R3 is designed for capturing high-speed and high-resolution imagery.

With all types of sensors, the imaging process begins when light passes through the camera's lens and strikes the sensor. The sensor contains millions of light receptors or photosites, which convert the light energy into an electrical charge. The magnitude of the charge is proportional to the intensity of the light – the more light that hits a particular photosite, the stronger the electrical charge it produces. (SPAD sensors work a little differently – more on this later.) In order to capture colours as well as brightness information, photosites are fitted with red, green and blue colour filters. This means some photosites record the intensity of red light, some the intensity of green, and some the intensity of blue. The electrical signals from all the photosites in the sensor are passed to the camera's image processor, which interprets all this information and determines the colour and brightness values of all the individual pixels (picture elements) that make up a digital image.

MagniPros also offers a hand-held magnifier, the 4x Large Magnifying Glass, which features a crystal-clear acrylic crystal made of optical grade, scratch-resistant materials. This is a good option for readers who are on the go. This option is around $25 on Amazon.