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hyperspectralvs.multispectralremote sensing ppt

Both hyperspectral and multispectral satellite imagery are valuable earth observation technologies, providing users with visualisations of “invisible” characteristics. Ultimately, the choice between the two depends on the specific needs and goals of a given project. By understanding the strengths and limitations of each, users can make informed decisions and optimise their insights from data captured.

The differences between cropped (APS-C) and full-frame sensors are significant in digital photography, influencing various aspects of image quality, field of view, depth of field, and camera system size and cost.

There are many examples, such as those below, of industries applying hyperspectral satellite imagery to extend and improve their processes. With hyperspectral satellites capturing more specific spectral data than multispectral satellites, different band ranges are applicable to specific industries and use cases, providing rich and informative datasets.

Difference betweenmultispectralandhyperspectralremote sensing

The detailed data of hyperspectral imagery has been an informative tool in vegetation analysis and precision farming. For example, hyperspectral imaging has been used to assess the nutrient distribution and photosynthetic efficiency of wheat to identify early stages of crown rot disease. Crown rot is a fungal disease that impacts wheat crops around the world. The biggest challenge associated with existing screening procedures is that there are no visible symptoms during early growth stages. However, the spectral signatures of plants affected by the disease differ from healthy plants. Hyperspectral imagery serves as a non-invasive screening method to detect the disease at early stages based on water and nutrient distribution. This information can then be used to inform essential agriculture decisions.

Multispectralandhyperspectralremote sensing PDF

Another difference is that multispectral data is captured in a non-continuous sample, leaving gaps within the spectral data. On the other hand, hyperspectral is captured in a continuous sample, as demonstrated in the figure below. Because of these differences, hyperspectral imagery is capable of capturing more detailed spectral imagery, making it a valuable tool for evaluating the specific chemical and physical properties of the Earth that multispectral overlooks. However, with this greater detail captured, the data size of hyperspectral imagery is much larger and more complicated to process.

RGBvs multispectral vs hyperspectral

Multispectral satellite imagery captures data in 5-20 wide, intermittent bands within the visible and infrared wavelengths. This provides more specific and informative data sets than visible/near-visible imagery but, the lower spectral resolution compared to hyperspectral, could still overlook important features.

Remember that all focal lengths depend entirely on the photographer’s vision or personal preference. Like all art forms, there are no steadfast rules to abide by. This article is merely a guideline for the purpose of each focal length, including some technical differences between the various offerings you see today.

LiDAR differs from multispectral imagery in that LiDAR creates and measures its own energy source rather than measuring the energy reflected from the sun. Learn more about space-based LiDAR here.

Prime lenses are usually more compact and lighter than zoom lenses, making them convenient for travel and long shooting sessions. Their smaller size and weight are due to the absence of the extra glass and mechanics needed for zooming.

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Multispectralcamera

Prime lenses are the unsung heroes of the photography world. Fixed in focal length, they don't have the zoom capabilities of their counterparts, but what they lack in flexibility, they make up for in quality. Because they contain fewer glass elements, prime lenses can capture images that are not only sharper but also more vibrant.

Any 24mm and 16mm lens is an excellent option if you want something extra wide. Focal lengths below 16mm are considered ultra-wide angles.

They typically have larger maximum apertures (e.g., f/1.4, f/1.8, f/2.8), allowing more light to reach the sensor. This makes them excellent for low-light situations and for achieving shallow depth-of-field effects where the subject is in sharp focus against a smoothly blurred background.

Then there's the standard lens, around 50mm, often hailed as the "nifty fifty." It’s akin to the human eye in how it captures the world, making it incredibly versatile. It’s perfect for everyday shooting and portraits, blending background and foreground elements naturally. As a beginner, using a 50mm lens encourages you to physically move around, engaging more with your environment, which can lead to more thoughtful compositions.

Spectral imaging captures data based on the unique way that electromagnetic (EM) radiation is absorbed, reflected, emitted, and scattered by materials and elements. The EM spectrum consists of a range of wavelengths, with the shortest being gamma waves and radio waves the longest. Near the middle of the spectrum is a small section that is visible light, also known as the colour wavelengths that we can see with our eyes. The full EM spectrum contains a host of valuable information beyond what the naked eye can see. Spectral imaging helps to visualise this “invisible” information by capturing bands, or sections of the EM spectrum. The bands used depend on the type of information you want to see.

Lens compatibility is another consideration; full-frame lenses can be used on both sensor types, but APS-C lenses on full-frame bodies may result in vignetting. Finally, while full-frame cameras are more expensive, they are preferred for their superior image quality and flexibility in various shooting conditions. Conversely, due to the crop factor, APS-C cameras are favored for their affordability, compactness, and built-in telephoto advantage, making them a versatile choice for many photographers.

Hyperspectralcamera

Spectral technology has advanced many different industries from medicine to space. Spectroscopy measures the absorption, reflectance, emission, and scattering of electromagnetic radiation. Earth observation technologies have allowed us to capture spectral data just as it is in a lab, but at a much larger scale. Multispectral and hyperspectral satellite imagery uses spectroscopy to provide data of the chemical and physical properties of the earth’s surface. Both tools are beneficial for identifying and addressing abnormalities that were previously invisible to the naked eye.

Generally, choosing a long focal length lens, like 70mm, 135mm, or 200mm, is wise to isolate textures and distant features to create dramatic backgrounds. Wide focal length lenses, like 16mm, 24mm, or 35mm, thrive when you want the entire scene in focus, like when shooting simple landscapes with long leading lines.

The simplest way to find the focal length of a lens is to look at its specifications. Most lenses have the focal length marked directly on them. For prime lenses, it will be a single number (e.g., 50mm), while zoom lenses will show a range (e.g., 24-70mm).

Long-focal length lenses range in the 100-600+ range and appear to bring far away objects close to the camera. Made swimmingly for the landscape photographers in mind, long lengths are perfect for wildlife, the bird on the backyard feeder, the child at the top of a water slide, or athletes on the other side of the football field. Lenses longer than 70mm focus on infinity after 100 feet. This infinity-focusing distance means a couple of different things.

Hyperspectral imaging

Forests are an essential part of local and global ecosystem health. Effective management ensures that these ecosystems and resources thrive for generations to come. Hyperspectral satellite imagery can aid these efforts by identifying specific characteristics of the vegetation and soil, detecting diseases and pests, or assisting with fire mitigation strategies. The unique spectral signature of different species within the forest canopy can be used to identify and map species distribution throughout a forest. Along with this information, spectral data representing the health of the vegetation can alert scientists to areas that pose a high fire risk, due to lack of resources such as water or disease. When used alongside existing systems, industry professionals can use the insight to best manage and protect forests around the world.

If the lens marking is unclear or you want more details, the lens manual or the manufacturer's website will provide specifications, including the focal length.

Focal length in photography refers to the distance between the lens and the image sensor when the lens is focused on infinity. It's typically measured in millimeters (mm) and is a key determinant of a lens's angle of view — the extent of the scene captured by the lens — and its magnification.

While there is a broad range of pricing for prime lenses, they can be less expensive than zoom lenses of comparable quality, especially at wider apertures. This cost-effectiveness stems from the more straightforward construction and fewer materials required.

On the other hand, if it is possible to get the desired information from a lower spectral resolution, multispectral could be a valid option. This data type is also more beneficial to users that may have tighter budget, storage limitations, and expertise constraints, as multispectral imagery is cheaper and easier to manage and use.

The magic of a prime lens lies in its simplicity. The straightforward optical design enhances light transmission, allowing for incredibly clear and precise images. This can make a noticeable difference in your photography, especially when shooting in low light conditions. Moreover, with minimal distortion and chromatic aberration, your photos will have a professional sleekness that’s hard to achieve with a standard zoom lens.

Like all types of earth observation imagery, multispectral and hyperspectral imagery each have their ideal use. If a project requires a high spectral resolution  to differentiate between minute features, hyperspectral imagery is a good option. Additionally, hyperspectral data could be fit for a project if the user has adequate resources to store and process the large data set.

Beyond the technical benefits, using a prime lens influences your creative process. Without the ability to zoom, you’re encouraged to physically move around your subject to compose the perfect shot. This often results in more thoughtful framing and a better connection with your subject. Whether you’re shooting portraits, street scenes, or landscapes, a prime lens can push you to explore new perspectives and enhance your compositional skills.

Hyperspectral images have a much higher spectral resolution, meaning you can identify more differences between spectral signatures.

Let’s break it down: Wide-angle lenses (under 35mm) are your go-to for capturing vast landscapes and bustling street scenes. They fit more into the frame, which is great for sweeping views and architectural photography. Meanwhile, telephoto lenses (over 70mm) excel in bringing distant subjects into sharp relief. They're ideal for zeroing in on distant details, perfect for sports or wildlife photography, and they add a dramatic flair by compressing space, making elements in the photo appear closer together.

Hyperspectral imagery captures a range of visible light as well as near-infrared and infrared with 100 or more continuous bands. This higher number of bands results in a more specific data set, consisting of a stack of images, with each individual image corresponding to one spectral band. The higher spectral resolution of hyperspectral imagery allows for the unique spectral signatures of even the most minute differences in features to be captured and detected. The electromagnetic spectrum interacts with features on the Earth’s surface in unique ways based on the physical and chemical properties. These distinct interactions give each material or organism its own spectral signature. There is an existing understanding of the spectral signatures for many minerals, plants and animal species, providing a strong starting point when evaluating hyperspectral data for signatures of interest.

One of the most obvious differences between multispectral and hyperspectral is the number of bands. Multispectral imagery can capture up to 20 bands, whereas hyperspectral can capture hundreds. As a result, the bandwidths of hyperspectral images tend to be narrower than those of multispectral images, resulting in a higher spectral resolution.

In short, they help photographic subjects appear closer than they are, achieving a beautiful compression for that desirable blurred background. There is a wide range of telephoto lenses on the market, including:

A wide-angle lens is often characterized by a focal length of 35mm or shorter, giving the photographer a wide field of view. The wider your field of view, the more of the scene you'll effortlessly capture in the frame. These lenses are ideal for many scenarios, and most photographers have at least one trusty wide-angle lens in their kit. If you’re a beginner photographer or want the first lens for a camera camera, it’s wise to go with a nifty 35mm lens focal length.

Multispectralandhyperspectral imaging

Wide-angle camera lenses are a fan-favorite among most lifestyle bloggers and everyday shooters; they’re perfect for capturing an entire scene and confined spaces if you want to show how the entire bedroom looks or the whole restaurant with the crowds of customers — the shorter focal length lens will be your best bet.

With ten years under my belt as a professional photographer, I've found that telephotos are better than wide for my work — here's why.

The most popular wide-angle zoom range is 16-35mm. Most kit or standard zoom lenses go down to 24mm or28mm. The widest lenses on the market are 10mm (rectilinear) and 8mm (fisheye).

Satellite imagery has benefited the mining industry for many years as a tool to effectively monitor all stages of the mine lifecycle. Hyperspectral can be included in these processes as an invaluable tool to detect mineral deposits in prospective sites or address problems during the reclamation process at early stages. Targeting the unique spectral signatures of minerals and compounds reveals concentrations of minerals of interest that can be mapped and measured. The ability to capture spectral data for large areas of interest using satellites is a valuable tool in mineral exploration and mine monitoring, while also reducing labour costs and improving safety.

Additionally, the larger size of full-frame sensors allows for better low-light performance and less noise at high ISO settings, enhancing image quality in challenging lighting conditions.

On the other hand, the smaller APS-C sensors come with a "crop factor" of about 1.5x to 1.6x, effectively increasing the focal length of lenses and providing extra "reach," which can be beneficial for telephoto photography such as sports or wildlife. Despite potentially higher noise levels in low light, APS-C cameras offer a more compact and affordable option for those seeking a balance between performance and portability. This makes them attractive to amateurs, enthusiasts, and even professionals who value a lighter system.

Lastly, fisheye lens are a super fun addition to the camera bag if you’re into the widest view possible. Their angle of view is usually 180°, allowing you to see half of a full rotation and offering a distinctive, hemispherical lens distortion. They cram in as much information as possible; thus, they don’t produce straight lines. These are awesome for creative, experimental photography projects, especially within fashion portraits or skateboarding content.

A lens focal length combines various elements that help to focus the light and minimize distortions. The location where all the light rays converge to form a sharp image is known as the optical center of the lens.

Getting into the art of photography? Just upgraded to a new camera body and need to decide which lens to purchase? Finding the right lens for your needs depends entirely on the focal length. Are you shooting portraits, weddings, sports, or wildlife? Street? Food?

Focal length might sound technical, but it's really your secret weapon in framing the perfect shot. It's measured in millimeters and determines not just the angle of view—how much of your scene is captured—but also how your images are magnified. As a beginner, understanding this can transform the way you approach photography.