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In twisted pair cabling, the twist helps cancel crosstalk. So, when wires are not tightly twisted, crosstalk happens. To prevent crosstalk, wire pairs in a Cat5e cable should not be untwisted more than 0.5 inches and not more than 0.375 inches for Cat6 cables.

The diagram below shows a beam of initial diameter x1 being shrunk to a final diameter of x2 and the distance between the two lenses is d. If we wanted to expand the beam, the plano-concave (negative focal length) lens would be placed first and have focal length f1, and the plano-convex lens would be placed second and have focal length f2.

A collimator lens system, composed of a set of lenses, can be employed to create a collimated beam. In this method, the light source is situated at one end of the system, and the lenses are arranged in a way that they refract and concentrate the light, resulting in a parallel beam. This technique is commonly utilized in laser diodes, telescopes, and other optical devices that necessitate a collimated beam.

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When light rays with a specific orientation hit the surfaces of either parabolic or elliptical mirrors, they create a bundle of reflected rays. This bundle converges at a single point known as the focus.

An achromatic lens comes in a variety of configurations, most notably, positive, negative, triplet, and aspherized. It is important to note that it can be a doublet (two elements) or triplet (three elements); the number of elements is not related to the number of rays it can correct. In other words, an achromatic lens designed for visible wavelengths corrects for red and blue, independent of it being a doublet or triplet configuration. Below are diagrams outlining the four varieties of achromatic lenses.

Achromatic lenses are particularly good for collimating when a broad spectrum of wavelengths is present. They typically consist of two optical components cemented together, usually a positive low-index (crown) element and a negative high-index (flint) element.

Chromatic aberration of a single lens causes different wavelengths of light to have differing focal lengths, whereas an achromatic doublet brings red and blue light to the same focal point.

To learn more about our light source options for collimated output, contact DAYY Photonics to talk about the specialized needs in your application.

Near-end crosstalk measures the signal coupled from one pair of wires to another and refers to the ability of twisted wire cabling to reject crosstalk. It is called near end because it measures crosstalk pairs of wire at the near (same) end of the circuit, link or channel where the signal is sourced. The cabling pair causing the interference is the disturbing pair, while the pair experiencing the interference is the disturbed pair.

Balanced twisted wire cable can help guard against crosstalk by twisting the wires together and creating more space between them. With such a cable, it's important to maintain the design performance of connecting hardware by ensuring it terminates in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.

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Aspheric lenses have a varying curve across the lens, whereas traditional lenses have a circular shape and could be part of a larger circle or sphere. Aspheric lenses tend to be thinner and flatter compared to their traditional lens counterparts.

Aspheres are often used to collimate light that is leaving a fiber or laser diode. The surface of an asphere is designed to eliminate spherical aberration, as spherical aberration is often what prevents a single spherical lens from achieving diffraction limited performance when focusing or collimating light for monochromatic sources.

Near-end crosstalk (NEXT) is an error condition that can occur when connectors are attached to twisted pair cabling. NEXT is usually caused by crossed or crushed wire pairs. The error condition does not require that the wires be crushed so much as the conductors inside become exposed.

There are different types of lenses used to generate a collimated beam, each with their own disadvantages and advantages. We will discuss a few options below.

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AR coatings are applied via a series of layers adhered to the front and back of the lenses. These layers block certain wavelengths of light, helping to reduce reflection.

Collimation definition in radiography

A collimated beam is light with weak divergence, meaning it’s a flow of photonics that move in parallel to one another, without dispersing. The beam remains concentrated in a specific direction, and its energy is evenly distributed along its path. This distinct characteristic of collimated beams makes them valuable in different industries, such as scientific research, engineering, and medical applications.

Different kinds of twisted pair cables have different NEXT values at the same frequency. For instance, at 100 megahertz (MHz), a Cat6 and Cat5 cable have a NEXT value of 44.3 decibels and 35.3 dB, respectively. The twisted rate on each pair optimizes for crosstalk performance, with different twists for each pair preventing them from picking up crosstalk from other pairs.

Two conductors only need to be close enough so that the radiating signal from one of the wires can interfere with the signal traveling on the other. Most medium- to high-end cable testers are capable of testing for NEXT errors.

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In the real world, light is collimated with a collimator device, which essentially is a lens or curved mirror where the focal length or curvature radius is chosen such that the originally curved wavefronts become flat. Of course, the beam radius at the position of the lens or mirror should be large enough to obtain a low divergence. Any residual divergence can be fine adjusted via the position of the lens or mirror along the beam direction. The collimation can be checked, for example, by measuring the evolution of beam radius over some distance in free space with certain kinds of interferometers.

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The amount of untwist between pairs should be kept to a minimum, and the pair twists should be maintained as close as possible to termination.

Each type of plano lens has its specific properties and applications, making them suitable for different optical needs. Plano lenses are typically a cost-effective option when your minimum divergence specification can be relaxed, such as systems that do not require the beam to stay collimated for long distances.

In this article we will discuss how collimated light beams are created, lenses and coatings that can be applied to manipulate a broad spectrum of wavelengths, and practical applications.

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Dayy Photonics offers fiber coupled light sources but also free space products with a collimated beam. We can customize our light sources to provide the desired beam diameters and minimum divergence angle.

To collimate a diverging beam, we can use lenses with different focal lengths. The resulting diameter of the collimated beam increases as the focal length becomes longer. Assuming an initial tight focus and the subsequent expansion of the beam over a long distance, the distance between the focus and the collimation lens should be equal to the focal length. Using this information, the radius of the collimated beam can be determined by multiplying the half-angle of the beam divergence (or more precisely, its tangent) by the distance.

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Collimatedlaser meaning

Achromatic lenses provide users with the ability to regulate the field of view, collection efficiency, and spatial resolution of their setup. They also enable the configuration of illumination and collection angles, which is beneficial for sampling purposes.

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PSACRN indicates the difference between the attenuation of each pair and the combined crosstalk received from the other three pairs -- i.e., how strong the received signals are in relation to the noise in the cable. Higher PSACRN indicates better performance.

An AR coating reduces the reflection of the light from the surface. AR coatings are used to reduce reflection loss and hence improve transmission efficiency, while at the same time reducing stray light and ghost images.

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To achieve collimated light, there are two theoretical methods: a) positioning an extremely tiny source precisely at a distance equal to the focal length of an optical system with a positive focal length or b) observing the point source from an infinitely distant location. In reality, neither of these situations is achievable. As well, according to diffraction theory, even if one of these conditions were met, there would still be a certain degree of spreading or divergence.

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Pair-to-pair NEXT occurs between adjacent wire pairs in a twisted pair cable. In a four-pair unshielded twisted pair cable, there are six possible NEXT values. Averaging these values is not particularly useful since every pair generates crosstalk with every other pair.

Collimated beams find practical use in various fields such as scientific investigations, laser advancements, sensors, medical imaging, and industrial processes like laser cutting and welding.

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NEXT is expressed in dB. A higher dB indicates less crosstalk is received by the disturbed link. Crosstalk varies with transmission frequency, with higher frequencies creating more interference. So, a cable might have a NEXT value of 40 dB at 50 MHz and 30 dB at 100 MHz.

In case of a NEXT failure, the first step is to determine the end at which the failure occurred. Based on this, the connections at that end should be checked and either re-terminated or replaced, as appropriate.

When signals moving through adjacent pairs of wire in a twisted pair copper cabling interfere with each other, it leads to crosstalk. Near-end crosstalk occurs when a signal on one pair of wires is picked up by an adjacent pair of wires. It is the portion of the transmitted signal that's electromagnetically coupled back into the received signal causing interference.

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Crosstalk can also happen when cables are poorly designed or installed. This can be especially problematic with 10Base-T and 100BASE-TX networks.

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Despite every precaution, NEXT failures can occur. Troubleshooting is easiest with a field tester with a time domain feature that can pinpoint the exact fault.

This measures the total crosstalk between one wire pair and all its neighbors. In a four-pair cable, each pair is affected by the other three pairs, and PSNEXT sums up their crosstalk. It is an important value, especially when all four pairs are transmitting signals in a network -- e.g., in high-speed gigabit Ethernet or Asynchronous Transfer Mode networks.

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If this is not the problem, the presence of lower category patch cords may be the root cause. Split pairs are also a possible cause, and they can be automatically identified with the field tester's wiremap function.

To minimize divergence of a collimated beam, two factors must be balanced: focal length of the collimating system and size of the light source. The diagram below demonstrates the approximate divergence of a collimated beam: