Ray Diagrams (Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE Physics) - focal length diagram
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To obtain a line pattern, manipulate the optical flat until the interference fringes are visible. The line pattern is essential as it allows for the correct interpretation of the level of flatness. It is worth noting that the patterns may vary depending on the type of component and the surface finish. Typically, there will be a series of lines that are dark and light, with the dark lines representing the areas of the surface that are lower than the optical flat, and the light lines indicating the higher areas.
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Measuring the flatness of a surface is an essential requirement in many industrial and manufacturing processes. Accurate measurements ensure the optimal performance of components and products, reducing the risk of failure and improving quality. The flatness of a surface can be affected by various factors such as the manufacturing process, material properties, and environmental conditions.
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There is a wide range in the variations of surface roughness and edge condition depending upon the production process used. Listed below are common ...
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Several parameters are used to measure the surface finish, including Ra and Rt. The centerline separates the areas such that A1 + A3 + ............ A7 = A2 + A4 + ............ A8. Ra and Rt are the most commonly used parameters for surface finish measurements.
Diamond lapping processes are ideal for producing reflective surfaces that can be measured for flatness using this method directly after the lapping operation. This enables the production of high-precision components and products with excellent flatness. Other methods for measuring flatness include laser interferometry, profilometry, and tactile methods, each with its own advantages and limitations. However, the Monochromatic Sodium light unit and Optical Flat method remain a popular choice for measuring flatness in many industries.
If the workpiece is concave, the ring pattern will move away from finger pressure, and the lapping plate will be convex.
Next, carefully place the optical flat on top of the component, ensuring that it is not slid across the surface. As the optical flat and component come together, lines will appear through the flat. These lines are known as interference fringes or light bands and are an indication of the level the component's surface has risen or fallen in relation to the optical flat.
Rt is the maximum peak-to-valley height of the profile over the measured length. Measurements are typically reported in microns, where 1 Micron is approximately equal to 40 Micro Inches.
Produced from Quartz, Kemet Optical Flats are available in single and double sided, 1/4 light band or 1/10 light band accuracy. Standard sizes from 25mm up to 300mm diameter.
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The light bands are made up of a bright and dark fringe, which correspond to the wavelength of the monochromatic light. In the case of a Sodium light source, the wavelength is equal to 589nm. When checking parts for flatness, it is only the dark bands that are counted. As this is half the total fringe, each dark band equals 294nm or 0.00029mm. This method provides extremely precise measurements, more accurate than most CMM (Coordinate Measuring Machine) measurements, in an economical way.
To accurately measure the level of flatness, count the number of dark lines and multiply this by the width of the light band. This will give the height difference between the component's surface and the optical flat. This height difference will be represented in units of length, such as millimeters.
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A variety of material removal processes are used to produce surfaces, which can be split into three components: roughness, waviness, and form. The resulting total geometry is defined by these components.
Reticlescope
Produces clear flatness readings when used with Kemet Optical Flats. The compact designed Light is easily transportable and uses a sodium long-life sodium light source. Supplied with a flatness reading interpretation chart.
Symbol A This symbol is used to specify the maximum roughness value in Ra microns.Symbol B This symbol is used to specify both the maximum and minimum roughness values.Symbol C This symbol is used to specify the maximum roughness value along with the finishing process.
It is worth noting that the flatness of a surface is determined by the straight parallel bands and not the width of the light band. Therefore, to accurately measure the flatness of a surface, it is important to focus on the straight parallel bands and not the light band's width.
The Kemet Flatness Gauge is used to monitor a lapping plate’s flatness and to give an indication of the flatness the plate will produce on a given part size.
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Please fill out the fields below to determine the necessary flatness gauge reading needed to achieve your desired level of surface flatness. (All measurements are in millimeters.). For a conversion table from inches to millimeters specific to lapping plate diameter, please click here.
One of the most common methods used in the Flat Lapping sector to measure flatness is by using a Monochromatic Sodium light unit and an Optical Flat. An Optical Flat is a high-precision glass or quartz flat surface that acts as a reference plane. When a monochromatic light source, such as a Sodium light unit, is directed onto the Optical Flat, the light is reflected and forms a series of bright and dark fringes called light bands.
Each reticle is designed to make the most of every shot in a given situation. Explore reticles and options including subtension and illumination, and find the scope that’s right for you. NOTE: Reticle images are a web simulation and not to scale. Actual reticle appearance will vary depending on scope magnification.
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To read light bands with an Optical Flat, the first step is to ensure that both the surfaces of the component and the optical flat are clean. Use a lens tissue or soft lint-free cloth to clean both surfaces thoroughly. It is essential to make sure that there are no contaminants or particles on the surfaces, as this can cause inaccuracies in the measurement.
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Ra is widely recognized as the most frequently used international parameter for roughness. It is calculated as the arithmetic mean of the deviations of the roughness profile from the mean line.
Isaac Newton discovered Light Bands in 1717 and investigated them. These bands are formed through the interference of light between two surfaces. If a monochromatic light source is employed, the phenomenon can be utilized to determine the levelness of a component. However, the surface of the component must be reflective for the light bands to appear.