Finite-corrected objectives are always designed for a certain tube length, e.g. according to DIN or JIS standard (which differ by 10 mm in tube length). Using an objective of the wrong standard may significantly deteriorate the obtained image quality.

Another application is launching light into a single-mode fiber or collimating light from such a fiber. Again, the objective should have an appropriate numerical aperture of the order of that of the fiber. For more details, see the article on fiber launch systems.

Chromatic aberrations essentially result from the wavelength dependence of focal length. They lead to colored image distortions. For conventional microscopy, they can be quite relevant, in contrast to other types of optical microscopy, e.g. certain types of laser microscopy. Best suppression of chromatic aberrations is achieved with apochromatic objectives.

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Note that oil immersion may not work properly e.g. when observing a biological sample in an aqueous solution and the oil is only between the cover slip and the objective. One may have to use special water immersion objectives for such cases.

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Modern microscopes mostly require infinity-corrected objectives, where the intermediate image of the objective alone lies at infinite distance. Here, one requires an additional tube lens in the microscope for generating the intermediate image at the diaphragm of the eyepiece.

Makrofotografie erfordert eine präzise Fokussierung. Bei einem Motiv mit rundherum auffälligen Merkmalen fokussiert der Autofokus möglicherweise nicht immer Ihre bevorzugte Position, wenn Sie die Blende öffnen, um Vorder- und Hintergrund unscharf zu machen und die Schärfentiefe (Fokusbereich) gering zu halten.

Objectives for dark-field illumination are tentatively larger, providing extra space for the illumination light; therefore, they are typically used with larger threads.

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Dieses 1:1-E-Mount-Makroobjektiv ist leicht zu transportieren und wiegt nur etwa 138 Gramm. Durch den minimalen Fokusabstand von ca. 9,5 cm eignet sich das Objektiv gut für Nahaufnahmen von Blumen und anderen kleinen Objekten sowie von Lebensmitteln, die vor Ihnen auf dem Tisch liegen, während Sie sitzen.

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The design of a high quality microscope objective is a rather sophisticated task, for which substantial optics expertise and powerful optics design software are required. Such designs involve complicated trade-offs, which should be properly handled according to the importance of different aspects for a particular application.

The microscope objective is a key component for reaching high performance of a microscope. It is the part which is placed next to the observed object, usually in a fairly small distance of a few millimeters. Usually, the microscope objective produces an intermediate image in the microscope, which is then further magnified with an eyepiece (ocular lens). Particularly in cases with high magnification, most of the magnification is provided by the objective.

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The focal length of a microscope objective is typically between 2 mm and 40 mm. However, that parameter is often considered as less important, since magnification and numerical aperture are sufficient for quantifying the essential performance in a microscope.

At least for high magnifications, the influence of a cover slip in terms of chromatic and spherical aberrations can be quite important. Therefore, objectives for use in fields like biology, where cover slips are often needed, are designed with integrated cover slip correction. The correction is often done for a standard slip thickness of 170 μm. A deviation of only 10 μm can already be quite problematic for an objective with a high NA of e.g. 0.95. Some objectives allow the adjustment of the corrected cover slip thickness.

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Für Nahaufnahmen kleiner Motive wählen Sie Makroobjektive. Sehen Sie sich komplizierte Details durch ein Makroobjektiv an – ob Wassertropfen auf Pflanzen oder die Bewegungen einer mechanischen Uhr – und Sie werden von einer Welt verzaubert sein, die sich von dem unterscheidet, was Sie normalerweise sehen. Makrofotografie ist nur ein Anwendungsbereich für diese lichtstarken Objektive mit Festbrennweite. Sie können alle Arten von Szenen aufnehmen, einschließlich schöner Aufnahmen mit Bokeh, Porträts und Straßenfotografie.

The highest numerical apertures achievable with dry objectives, operated with air between the objective and the object, are approximately 0.95. Substantially higher values of e.g. 1.5 or even higher can be achieved with immersion objectives, where the gap between the object and the objective is filled with a liquid – water or some immersion oil with a higher refractive index, often somewhat above 1.5. Optimized immersion oils do not only have a high refractive index, but also a suitable viscosity and a low tendency for producing stains on the surfaces. They can be left on an objective over longer times without damaging it.

Older microscopes usually require finite-corrected objectives. Here, the object is supposed to be placed a little below the front focal plane of the objective, and the intermediate image occurs at a finite distance of e.g. 160 mm from the objective. Such an objective is designed for minimum image distortions in that configuration.

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Ein Standard-Vollformat-Makroobjektiv. Genießen Sie Aufnahmen mit breiterem Hintergrund als bei Makroobjektiven mit mittlerem Teleobjektiv. Eine vielseitige Wahl, die sowohl für Makroaufnahmen als auch für kulinarische, Landschafts-, Porträt- und Alltagsaufnahmen verwendet werden kann.

Some microscopes allow the injection of illumination light through the objective to the sample. It is then important that there is no significant scattering of light in the objective.

Note that it is essential not only to have a good transmittance over the full wavelength range, but also achromatic performance. In conventional light microscopes, this is needed to avoid colored image distortions. In confocal multi-photon fluorescence microscopes, it is important to have the same focus positions for infrared laser light as for the fluorescence light.

Microscope objectives are sometimes used for applications outside microscopy. For example, they can be used for tight focusing of laser beams, with spot sizes of a few micrometers or even below 1 μm. If the input beam is a collimated beam, an infinity-corrected objective will work best. The objective should have a numerical aperture which fits well to the beam divergence related to the required spot size. The input beam radius should also be chosen appropriately, i.e., calculated from the required spot size and the focal length. A difficulty may be to find out the focal length, as the objective barrel often only indicates the magnification, and the conversion to the focal length depends on the microscope design.

Obwohl eine Vielzahl von Kameras und Objektiven erhältlich ist, werden wir manchmal gefragt, ob die Objektive NEX-7 oder ILCE-6000 mit dem ILCE-7C oder ILCE-7M3 verwendet werden können.

Unfortunately, perfect solutions are not available; therefore, one has to accept certain trade-offs, which lead to different optimized solutions for different applications. For example, optimum flat field properties are most important for measurement microscopes; one may then tolerate somewhat larger chromatic aberrations.

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The higher the magnification, the higher is also the required numerical aperture because this is the factor which ultimately limits the achievable image resolution. There are different ways of calculating the image resolution and are slightly different circumstances, but they lead to similar resolution values, which are roughly <$\lambda / (2 NA)$>, where <$\lambda$> is the optical wavelength (about 400 to 700 nm) and NA is the numerical aperture. For example, an NA of 1 allows for an image resolution of roughly 250 nm for green light. For low magnification, an NA of 0.1 may be fully sufficient.

Although a microscope objective is sometimes called the objective lens, it usually contains multiple lenses. The higher the numerical aperture and the higher the required image quality, the more sophisticated designs are needed. High-end microscope objectives may also involve aspheric lenses.

There are also often color-coded rings indicating different magnification values, e.g. black for 1 ×, yellow for 4 ×, green for 10 ×, etc.

Shanghai Optics custom microscope objectives are designed with the assistance of CAD, Solidworks and Zemax software using top quality glass having highly specific refractive indices. This enables us to produce microscope objectives that are very low in dispersion and corrected for the most of the common optical artifacts such as coma, astigmatism, geometrical distortion, field curvature, spherical and chromatic aberration.

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In most cases, a microscope objective is mounted on the nosepiece of a microscope using a thread. Unfortunately, there are different thread sizes used by different manufacturers and for objectives of different kinds. In some cases, special adapters can be used for applying an objective to a microscope with different threads.

Microscopes often contain multiple objectives on a rotatable nosepiece, for example a scanning lens with only 4 × magnification, an intermediate one (the small objective lens) with 10 × and a high-resolution large objective with 40 × or 100 × magnification. The eye piece may contribute another factor 5 or 10 in magnification, for example.

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Note that a large magnification alone is not helpful if it only makes images larger without increasing the level of detail; see below the section on the numerical aperture.

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Das erste E-Mount-Makroobjektiv mit mittlerer Festbrennweite und optischer Bildstabilisierung. Bei handgeführten Aufnahmen können beeindruckend präzise Aufnahmen in natürlicher Größe gemacht werden. Die sphärische Abweichung und andere optische Abweichungen werden in ausgewogener Weise korrigiert, was zu dem weichen, schönen Bokeh führt, für das die Objektive der G-Serie bekannt ist. Die Möglichkeit, aus kurzer Entfernung zu fotografieren, macht das Objektiv zu einer guten Wahl für Nahaufnahmen von Tieren oder Insekten, die weglaufen können, wenn Fotografen zu nahe kommen. Auch nützlich für Nahaufnahmen von Kirschblüten und Herbstblättern über Kopf.

The objective lens is the most important part of a microscope and plays a central role in imaging an object onto the human eye or an image sensor for discerning the object’s detail. Microscope objectives are ideal for a range of science research, industrial, and general lab applications.

Edmund Optics offers a wide variety of microscopy components including microscope objectives, inverted and stereo microscopes, or optical filters that are ideal for use in microscopy setups. Microscope objectives are available in a range of magnifications and include infinity corrected, finite conjugate, and reflective objectives in industry leading brands such as Mitutoyo or Olympus. Microscope objectives are ideal for a range of research, industrial, life science, or general lab applications. Microscopy filters are ideal for isolating specific wavelengths in fluorescence imaging applications.

Another practically important factor is the working distance, i.e., the distance between the objective and the object. Small working distances are generally required for objectives with high NA, but also can to some extent be optimized as a design goal (possibly somewhat compromising the NA or the correction). For objectives with oil immersion, a relatively small working distance is actually good, since otherwise one would require more of the immersion fluid, and that would be more difficult to hold in place.

SEL30M35-Objektive haben beispielsweise einen Mindestfokusabstand von 9,5 cm und einen Arbeitsabstand von etwa 2 cm. Auf diese Weise können Sie aus nächster Nähe Aufnahmen machen und auch ganz einfach Fotos von Lebensmitteln oder kleinen Objekten auf einem Tisch vor Ihnen im Sitzen machen. SEL90M28G-Objektive haben einen Mindestfokusabstand von 28 cm und einen Arbeitsabstand von ca. 13 cm. Aus kurzer Entfernung können Sie Nahaufnahmen von Tieren oder Insekten machen, die weglaufen, wenn Sie zu nahe kommen.

Optical microscopes usually work based on imaging with visible light, i.e., in the wavelength region from 400 nm to 700 nm. Therefore, most microscope objectives are optimized for that wavelength range, with most emphasis on the region from 480 nm to 640 nm. However, there are objectives with an enhanced range of e.g. 400 nm to 950 nm, and others which work further in the infrared. For example, that is required for laser microscopes where infrared laser beams need to be transmitted.

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For such applications, chromatic aberrations are often no issue, so that one does not exploit the chromatic correction of the objective. Also, a wide field of view would not be required. On the other hand, a microscope objective for visible light may well not have ideal properties e.g. for launching near infrared light into a fiber, and its power handling capability is limited (but usually not specified). Therefore, a microscope objective may not be the ideal solution for such an application. However, it may have to be used, e.g. if no other lenses are available for reaching the required small spot size.

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Der Fokusring am Objektiv SEL90M28G wird auch zum Umschalten zwischen AF und MF verwendet. Sie können schnell zwischen diesen Fokusmodi wechseln, indem Sie den Ring einfach vor- oder zurückschieben. Um DMF zu verwenden, stellen Sie ihn auf die AF-Position ein.

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Most microscopes objectives are based on refractive optics, containing several lenses. For example, a simple low-NA objective may contain a meniscus lens and an achromat. A high-NA objective typically contains a more complicated combination of various types of lenses of hemispherical, meniscus, achromatic doublet and triplet type.

Note that some microscope designs count on the correction of some residual aberrations of the objective by the ocular lens.

Particularly for objectives with high numerical aperture, a high image quality can be achieved only with substantial efforts for correcting various kinds of optical aberrations such as spherical, astigmatism, coma, field curvature, image distortion and chromatic aberrations. For example, plan-apochromatic objectives, having particularly sophisticated designs, provide optimum flat field correction combined with good achromatic properties.

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There are also reflective objectives, containing curved mirrors and no lenses. They are naturally achromatic and may be advantageous for operation in extreme wavelength domains. Also, they can exhibit lower losses of optical power.

Wenn der Autofokus (AF) nicht an der gewünschten Stelle fokussiert, verwenden Sie entweder Direct Manual Focus (DMF) zur Feinabstimmung oder den manuellen Fokus (MF), um den Fokus selbst einzustellen. Mit DMF können Sie den Fokus mithilfe des Fokusrings nach dem Fokussieren der Kamera mit AF feinabstimmen. So können Sie schnell die gewünschte Position fokussieren.

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Überprüfen Sie die maximale Vergrößerung in den Spezifikationen des Objektivs, um zu herauszufinden, wie groß Sie Ihre Motive bei Aufnahmen machen können. Die maximale Vergrößerung ist die Vergrößerung, bei der Motive bei minimalem Fokusabstand am größten aussehen. Es ist das Verhältnis zwischen der auf den Bildsensor projizierten Motivgröße und der tatsächlichen Motivgröße. Makroobjektive bieten ein großes maximales Vergrößerungsverhältnis. Ein Objektiv mit einer maximalen Vergrößerung von 0,25 zeigt beispielsweise Bilder mit Motiven in einem Viertel ihrer tatsächlichen Größe. Die Makroobjektive von Sony bieten eine maximale Vergrößerung von 1 und ermöglichen so Makroaufnahmen in voller Größe.

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Es werden sowohl APS-C- als auch Vollformatkameras und -Objektive angeboten, aber solange das gleiche E-Mount verwendet wird, ist die Kompatibilität gewährleistet. Hinweise zum Gebrauch finden Sie auf der folgenden Seite.