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Like the scanning electron microscope, the transmission electron microscope (TEM) uses electrons in creating a magnified image, and samples are scanned in a vacuum, so they must be specially prepared. Unlike the SEM, the TEM uses a slide preparation to obtain a \(2 – \rm{D}\) view of specimens, so it is more suited for viewing objects with some degree of transparency. As a result, a TEM offers a high degree of magnification and resolution, making it useful in the physical and biological sciences, metallurgy, nanotechnology and forensic analysis.

Q4: What are the main parts of a microscope?A4: The Eyepiece Lens, Eyepiece Tube, Microscope Arm, Microscope Base, Microscope Illuminator, Stage and Stage Clips, Microscope Nosepiece, Objective Lenses, Rack Stop, and Condenser Lens and Diaphragm.

Objective lensmagnification

Objective lenses – These are the significant lenses used for specimen visualization. They have a magnification power of \(40\rm{X} – 100\rm{X}.\) There are about \(1 – 4\) objective lenses placed on one microscope, in that some are rear facing and others face forward. Each lens has its magnification power.

1. Magnification measures how much larger a microscope (or set of lenses within a microscope) causes an object to appear. For instance, the light microscopes typically used in high schools and colleges magnify up to about \(400\) times the actual size. So, \(1\,{\text{mm}}\) Wide in real life would be \(400\,{\text{mm}}\) wide in the microscope image.2. The resolution of a microscope or lens is the smallest distance by which two points can be separated and still be distinguished as separate objects. The smaller the value, the higher the resolving power of the microscope and the better the clarity and detail of the image. For example, if two bacterial cells were very close together on a slide, they might look like a single, blurry dot on a microscope with low resolving power. Still, they could be told apart as separate on a microscope with high

The word microscope is derived from the Greek “mikros”, meaning small and “skopein”, meaning to see. Therefore, a microscope is an instrument used for looking at objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye, and microscopy is the science of using a microscope.

Q1. What is a simple microscope? A1: A simple microscope is an instrument that gives an enlarged image of a minute object. It consists of a converging lens of a small focal length. The magnifying glass is a type of simple microscope.

A microscope is an instrument that makes an enlarged image of a small object, thus revealing details too small to be seen by the unaided eye. The most familiar kind of microscope is the optical microscope, which uses visible light focused through lenses.

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Infinity objective lenses did not become common until the 1980s but have since carved out a permanent spot in the microscope objective market. Previously, all microscopes had a standard tube length–the distance from the eyepiece to the objective lens was always 160 mm. Once microscope manufacturers began developing microscopes with varying tube lengths, lens manufacturers had to catch up with the changing technology. New tube lengths meant that microscopy equipment developers needed to adjust for these changes in their accessories, including objective lenses. Infinity optical systems use multiple sets of lenses within the lens house to correct a wide range of tube lengths–typically from 160-200 mm. This enables the lenses to be more versatile between microscopes of varying tube lengths.

The microscope is used in a variety of scientific fields for many different purposes. Whether it be in forensics or traditional medical science, the microscope is an indispensable instrument. However, these are used mainly for:

The objective lens is the most important optical component of the microscope. It’s the part that sits in closest proximity to the specimen being examined, gathering light to produce optimal images for observation and analysis. This lens creates the first magnification by spreading out the light’s rays to make the object appear considerably larger by the time it meets your field of view at the other end of the eyepiece. Such a critical piece of equipment doesn’t come in a one-size-fits-all package. Below, we will discuss some of the different types of microscope objective lenses and the unique roles they play in microscopy.

A microscope is an instrument that produces enlarged images of small objects. It provides the observer an exceedingly close view of minute structures at a scale convenient for examination and analysis.

Condenser – These are lenses that are used to collect and focus light from the illuminator into the specimen. They are found under the stage next to the diaphragm of the microscope. They play a major role in ensuring clear, sharp images are produced with a high magnification of \(400\rm{X}\) and above. The higher the magnification of the condenser, the more the image clarity. More sophisticated microscopes come with an Abbe condenser that has a high magnification of about \(1000\rm{X}.\)

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Evidence collected at a crime scene may contain information that is not visible to the naked eye. For example, striations in bullets can be examined under a microscope to see if they match bullets shot from a particular gun.

The Adjustment Knobs – These are knobs that are used to focus the microscope. There are two types of adjustment knobs, i.e. fine adjustment knobs and coarse adjustment knobs.

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The rack stop controls how far the stages should go, preventing the objective lens from getting too close to the specimen slide, which may damage the specimen. It is responsible for preventing the specimen slide from coming too far up and hit the objective lens.

Microscopic Illuminator – It serves as a microscope’s light source located at the base. It is used instead of a mirror. It captures light from an external source of a low voltage of about \(100\,\rm{V}.\)

Abbe Condenser – is a specially designed condenser for high-quality microscopes. The condenser is movable and allows very high magnification of above \(400\rm{X}\). High-quality microscopes usually have a high numerical aperture than that objective lenses.

It is common for histologists to study cells and tissues using a microscope. For example, if a section of tissue is taken for analysis, histologists can use a microscope in combination with other tools to determine if the sample is cancerous.

Diaphragm –  It is also known as the iris. It is found under the microscope stage, and its primary role is to control the amount of light that reaches the specimen. It is an adjustable apparatus, hence controlling the light intensity and the size of the beam of light that gets to the specimen. For high-quality microscopes, the diaphragm comes attached with an Abbe condenser and combined; they can control the light focus and light intensity that reaches the specimen.

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Q.2. What is a microscope?A2: A microscope is a laboratory instrument used to examine too small objects to be seen by the naked eye, for example, the structure of a cell or to study systems of microorganisms.

Whatare the 3objectivelenseson a microscope

The microscope magnifies microscopic objects that are not visible to the naked eyes. Furthermore, with the help of a microscope, we can see various organisms, like a cell, the structure of dust particles, etc.

Eyepiece Tube – it is the eyepiece holder. It carries the eyepiece just above the objective lens. In some microscopes, such as the binoculars, the eyepiece tube is flexible and rotated for maximum visualization, for variance in the distance. For monocular microscopes, they are none flexible.

Research scientists find microscopes an invaluable tool when they study the function of proteins within cells. With today’s technology, many proteins can be labelled with a tag and studied in live cells.

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Specialized microscopes, such as metallurgical microscopes, require their own specific metallurgical objective lenses. These devices are most often used to examine structural detail of ceramics, metals and other non-living materials. Another common microscope objective accessory is a Barlow lens. These can be added to the bottom of an objective lens to either increase or decrease its working distance, field of view or magnification. Since they can be interchanged between lenses, they are a cost-effective way to change the power and magnification of lenses you already own. Lastly, if all these lenses are starting to seem overwhelming, remember one quick trick for determining magnification at a glance: look at the band of color near the bottom of your objective lens. While the magnification number is usually written right on the lens, you can also quickly determine its strength by the color ring. Red indicates 5x magnification, while yellow means 10x, light blue means 40x and white can mean 100-250x.

It is common for field biologists to monitor the health of a particular ecosystem, such as a stream, by using microscopes to identify the number and diversity of organisms in a specific region over time.

The simple microscope is generally considered to be the first microscope. In the \(17{\text{th}}\) century, Antony van Leeuwenhoek created it by combining a convex lens with a holder for specimens. It has a magnifying power between \(200\) and \(300\) times. It was essentially a magnifying glass. A simple microscope presently consists of a magnifying glass with a double convex lens with a short focal length. Examples of this kind of instrument include the hand lens and reading lens. When an object is kept near the lens, then at its principal focus, an image is produced, which is erect and bigger than the original object. The formed image is virtual and cannot be projected on a screen like a real image.

Arms – The microscope arm connects the base and the head and the eyepiece tube to the microscope base. It gives support to the head of the microscope and is also used when carrying the microscope. Some high-quality microscopes have an articulated microscope arm with more than one joint allowing more movement of the microscopic head for better viewing.

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Nose Piece – also known as the revolving turret. It holds the objective lenses. It is movable; hence, it calves the objective lenses depending on the magnification power of the lens.

Achromatic lenses are used to diminish chromatic and spherical aberrations which are the loss of color and focus that can happen when light wavelengths refract in direct light. These aberrations can be controlled by using an objective lens that contains both a convex and concave lens inside. Mounting these two different types of lenses to each other can bring wavelengths of red and blue light closer together, which puts them in the same focus and cancels out chromatic aberration. Another type of lens used to correct for both color and spherical aberration is the plan (or planar) lens. These produce a flatter field and can also give you a much larger working distance. However, they can be more expensive than achromatic lenses, so choosing between the two depends largely on how much power you need in your objective lens, and whether or not you need to adjust for field curvature, which only plan lenses can do. Achromatic lenses and plan lenses both come in dozens of magnifications and types, accommodating a wide variety of microscopy needs.

Q3: What are types of microscopes?A3: 1. Simple Microscope2. Compound Microscope3. Stereo Microscope4. Confocal Microscope5. Scanning Electron Microscope6. Transmission Electron Microscope

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The stereo microscope, also called a dissecting microscope, provides magnification of up to \(300\) times. These binocular microscopes are used to look at opaque objects or objects that are too large to be viewed with a compound microscope since they do not require a slide preparation. Although their magnification is relatively low, they are still useful. They provide a close-up, \(3 – \rm{D}\) view of the object’s surface textures. They allow the operator to manipulate the object during viewing. Stereo microscopes are used in biological and medical science applications and the electronics industry, such as those who make circuit boards or watches.

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A compound microscope is defined as a microscope with a high resolution. It uses two sets of lenses, providing a \(2\)-dimensional image of the sample.The term compound refers to the usage of more than one lens in the microscope. Also, the compound microscope is one of the types of optical microscopes. The other type of optical microscope is a simple microscope. These devices provide a magnification of \(1,000\) times, which is considered high, although the resolution is low. However, this high magnification allows users to take a close look at objects too small to be seen with the naked eye, including individual cells. Therefore, specimens are usually small and have some degree of transparency. Because compound microscopes are relatively inexpensive, they are used everywhere, from research labs to high school biology classrooms. The difference between a compound and a simple microscope is that a simple microscope uses only one lens, while the compound microscope uses more than one lens.

Unlike stereo and compound microscopes, which use regular light for image formation, the confocal microscope uses laser light to scan samples that have been dyed. These samples are prepared on slides and inserted; then, with the aid of a dichromatic mirror, the device produces a magnified image on a computer screen. Operators can create \(3 – \rm{D}\) images, as well, by assembling multiple scans. Like the compound microscope, these microscopes offer a high degree of magnification, but their resolution is much better. They are commonly used in cell biology and medical applications.

Objective lens microscopefunction

The optical parts of the microscope are used to view, magnify, and produce an image from a specimen placed on a slide. These parts include:

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Two parameters are fundamental in microscopy: magnification and resolution. Both magnification and resolution are essential if you want a clear picture of microscopic objects. For example, suppose a microscope has high magnification but low resolution. In that case, all you will get is a bigger version of a blurry image.

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In comparison, the objective lens, which gives a \(400 – 100\) times magnified image, is closer to the object. The adjustment knobs, aperture, stage, nosepiece, condenser, and diaphragm are important parts of a modern-day microscope that help get a much magnified and resolved image of the object. There are various microscopes, starting from a single lens Simple microscope to a Compound microscope with two lenses; we have various electron microscopes (SEM and TEM) and Light microscopes (confocal). Microscopes have a major role to play when it comes to analyzing tissue or DNA samples or virus strains that help in forensics and biology too. It is with these high powered microscopes that scientists all over the world have differentiated several strains of the COVID-\(19\) virus.

Objective lensfunction

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Types ofobjectivelenses

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High powerobjective microscopefunction

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There are hundreds of unique objective lenses to choose from, but once you have a greater understanding of the most common types, you can make a more informed decision regarding which lens is right for you. Whether you are a hobbyist or whether you require the use of a microscope in your day-to-day research, it’s important to gain an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses across the spectrum of objective lenses. Once you know exactly what you’re looking for, you’ll be well on your way to obtaining the best results and having an optimal viewing experience.

Eyepiece – It is situated at the top of the microscope and is also known as the ocular. The part is used to look through the microscope. Its standard magnification is \(10\rm{X},\) with an optional eyepiece having magnification from \(5\rm{X} – 30\rm{X}.\)

Scanningobjective lens

High powerobjective lens

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Stage – This is the section on which the specimen is placed for viewing. They have stage clips that hold the specimen slides in place. The most common stage is a mechanical stage, which allows the control of the slides by moving the slides using the mechanical knobs on the stage instead of moving it manually.

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The scanning electron microscope, or SEM, uses electrons rather than light for image formation. Samples are scanned in vacuum or near-vacuum conditions, so they must be specially prepared by first undergoing dehydration and then being coated with a thin layer of a conductive material, such as gold. After the item is prepared and placed in the chamber, the SEM produces a \(3 – \rm{D},\) black-and-white image on a computer screen. Offering great control over the amount of magnification, SEMs are used by researchers in the physical, medical and biological sciences to examine a range of specimens from insects to bones.

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Microscopes are effectively just tubes packed with lenses, curved pieces of glass that bend (or refract) light rays passing through them. The simplest microscope is a magnifying glass made from a single convex lens, which typically magnifies by about \(5 – 10\) times. Microscopes used in schools and professional laboratories are compound microscopes and use at least two lenses to produce a magnified image. There is a lens above the object (called the objective lens) and another lens near your eye (called the eyepiece or ocular lens). Each of these may be made up of a series of different lenses. Most compound microscopes can magnify by \(10,20,40,\) or \(100\) times, though professional ones can magnify \(1000\) times or more. For greater magnification than this, scientists generally use electron microscopes.

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A microscope is an optical instrument used to observe and study tiny (microscopic) objects like even cells. The image of an object is magnified through at least one lens in the microscope. This lens bends light toward the eye and makes an object appear larger than it is. Any microscope consists of three parts: Head (contains the optical parts), base( supports the structure) and arm(connects the head to the base). The eyepiece lens is closer to the observer’s eye.

Obtaining high-contrast images of transparent specimens is difficult, especially when your specimen is alive and moving on a slide. Phase-contrast lenses allow you to observe microorganisms without having to fix and stain them. When your specimens are kept alive, a variety of biological functions can be examined and analyzed in real-time. Phase plates at the top of the objective lens diffract light, allowing these specialized lenses to tap into tiny changes in wavelength amplitude, which appears to the viewer as starker contrast on the slide. This makes the specimen much easier to view and observe.

Q5: What is a compound microscope?A5: A compound microscope is a high power (high magnification) microscope that uses a compound lens system. A compound microscope has multiple lenses: the objective lens is multiplied by the eyepiece lens to obtain a high magnification.