Like any hormone-related medical transition, you can expect a few changes in your emotional state. Many transgender adults describe their emotions during the MtF transition process to be like a “second puberty” – meaning that you may start feeling more emotional than usual. This may result in different approaches to relationships with your friends, family, partner, and community.

Since the magnification difference from distortion increases with the cube of field, one option to minimize it is to decrease the field. Although decreasing the field of view can help correct distortion, it is not usually acceptable, as most lenses have a specific field angle that is desirable for their application.

One of the things you need to know about your MtF transition is that sex and sexual behaviors will change during hormone therapy. For example, you may notice that you experience fewer erections overall. Even when you do, they may not be firm enough for you to penetrate. However, this isn’t to say that sex will suddenly become unpleasurable – you’ll still experience orgasms, although they may feel different from before.

If ACA is present in a system, LCA is linear with respect to stop position. Thus it’s helpful to choose a stop position where the LCA is zero. Once LCA is corrected, ACA can be corrected by achromatizing (changing elements to achromats) elements that are not close to the stop. Once ACA is corrected, the stop can be moved to its original position since LCA depends on the presence of ACA in a lens.

Like any medical procedure, there are a few options trans people can consider when getting a vaginoplasty. For example, if the patient lacks scrotal tissue or started HRT before puberty started, they may want to consider getting a rectosigmoid or colon graft to complete their transition.

ACA, along with other aberrations, can be measured two ways. The first as a distance along the optical axis (longitudinal) and the second as a distance perpendicular from the optical axis (transverse). These are shown in figure 1.1b. It’s helpful, when measuring the transverse and longitudinal ray aberrations, to designate abbreviations for each aberration. For transverse axial chromatic aberrations we will use the abbreviation “T-ACA” and “L-ACA” for the longitudinal axial chromatic aberration. If you would like to learn more about how to measure aberrations, follow this link.

Aberration meaning in Hindi

As seen in figure 1.13, there are two focal positions. At one focal position the image of an off-axis point appears as a line segment oriented sagittally (on a line passing through the optical axis), while a small distance away it appears as a line tangent to a circle centered on the optical axis. The two surfaces where the sagittal and tangential line segments appear are the sagittal and tangential foci. There is a position between the sagittal and tangential focal planes, called the medial focus, where the image is a more circular blur that is smaller in diameter than either of the line segments.

We can think of distortion as varying transverse magnification with field as seen in figure 1.18. Magnification is equal to the ratio of the image height to the object height. In a distortion-less system, this ratio would be the same across the field, but when distortion is present this ratio is variable. In figure 1.18, the transverse magnification is greater for the larger field position (blue line) and is an example of pincushion distortion. Barrel distortion would result in the larger field position having a smaller magnification.

Using a combination of several thin lenses to adjust the Petzval curvature can also be an option. Generally, there are no limits on reducing the size of the curvature if there are equal amounts of negative and positive powered lenses in the system.

LCA is the result of dispersion of the chief ray. Thus, when a lens exhibits LCA, light is affected very similarly to light traveling through a dispersive prism (figure 1.5). Imagining the prism in figure 1.5 is the tip of a lens shows us how the phenomenon occurs in a lens like one from figure 1.4. White light that is incident on the first surface of the prism (or lens) bends according to Snell’s law. Since the angle of refraction is dependent on the wavelength of light, the optical paths for different wavelengths diverge and we get dispersion – (separation of white light into all wavelengths across the visible spectrum). Since the index for blue light (nBLUE) is higher, it bends more strongly than green and red light.

Petzval curvature will be zero for a meniscus lens with equal radii. The power of the lens is proportional to the thickness, so if one desires to change the power without adding to the Petzval curvature, using a thick meniscus can work.

Some people might feel their bodies changing within weeks of starting hormone therapy, but this isn’t the case for everyone. Many trans girls report treatment only fully taking effect months or even a full year after starting treatment. The journey is a little different for everyone!

Petzval curvature or field curvature differs from the previous aberrations; it does not blur the image at all. Rather, it causes the image to lie on a surface that is not a plane. As a first approximation, the surface is spherical. Lenses are typically used to inspect things that lie on a plane, and most detectors, whether CCD, CMOS or film, are also planar. This means that even though Petzval curvature doesn’t blur the image on the Petzval image surface, it does result in a blur on a plane image surface (as shown in figure 1.15), and the blur increases with the square of the image height. The radius of the Petzval surface is completely insensitive to f/#, but the blur on a flat image plane caused by the Petzval curvature increases linearly with entrance pupil diameter.

“Stopping down” the lens is another way to reduce ACA. This just means allowing a smaller diameter of light through the systems. The term “stopping down” comes from the size of the stop in the lens, which is just the limiting aperture in the optical system. For the achromat in figure 1.3, the stop size is just the lens diameter and is also equal to the entrance pupil diameter used in calculating the f/# (as described in the Basic Optics Terms section.)

Since SA varies with the cube of the entrance pupil diameter, stopping down the lens will greatly reduce SA. Changing the glass type to one with a higher index can help reduce the curvature needed to bend the light and thereby reduce SA.

Lateral chromatic aberration (LCA) increases linearly with the distance from the optical axis. This means that it is zero on axis because the distance from the axis is zero. If you’re looking for another way to think about lateral color, consider this: lateral color is a chromatic difference in magnification – red objects appear bigger than blue or vice versa. As seen figure 1.4, the red image height is larger than the green and blue image heights. The difference between the extreme image heights is equivalent to the amount of LCA is in a system.

Shifting the stop is also helpful in correcting coma if spherical is present in the system. This is similar to how stop shift corrects for LCA if ACA is present. Also like LCA, we can reduce coma by using a close to symmetric system.

We can also use symmetry to correct for LCA. Designing a lens system so that it is close to symmetric about the stop will decrease LCA.

Since the blur from Petzval curvature on a planar image surface increases with the square of field, decreasing the field is one option to minimize it. Although this can help correct the blur, it is not usually acceptable as most lenses have a specific field angle that is desirable for their application.

Every gender transition is different – some transgender people prefer hormone treatment, many opt for a medical transition involving surgeries, while others may not want any kind of medication or surgery. The path to living out one’s gender identity isn’t linear or homogenous, so it’s no surprise that transitioning is confusing for many transgender women.

An image suffering from purely coma will have good image quality in the center, but as you move farther off-axis the image will degrade linearly with field position. Looking at figure 1.11 we can see the difference between a un-aberrated image (a) and an image from a lens suffering from coma (b). If the object was something other than a random point field such as stars, like an image of a sample in a microscope, we would see a sharp focus in the center and a linearly increasing blur as we get closer to the edge of the image.

Contrary to popular belief, coming out isn’t a one-time affair. Many people choose to come out to their close friends before family, or vice versa – it all depends on who you’re more comfortable with. There’s no right or wrong way to come out as a transgender person, but you must prioritize self-care and act only when you’re 100% ready to let people know your truth.

What are aberrationsused for

Bottom surgery, or vaginoplasty, is a significant part of many trans women’s transition. The three most popular methods to achieve the desired change are penile inversion, rectosigmoid or colon graft, and the non-penile inversion vaginoplasty.

Medical transitions can be cost-prohibitive, meaning that a regular trans girl might start transitioning socially long before she considers any hormonal or surgical procedures. But what exactly is a social transition, and how do transgender people go about it? Social transitions refer to the changes you make in your day-to-day life that allow you to live in congruence with your gender identity. For some, this may include changing their names to something more feminine and dressing differently. However, every person’s social transition timeline is different, and you should only make the changes you’re comfortable with.

What are aberrationslike

If you’re unsure about coming out, we recommend contacting your local support group. This is so you can surround yourself with people that understand what you’re going through and can maybe give you useful advice when navigating any potential complications of coming out.

However, if the emotional changes interfere with your quality of life, you’ll need to inform your doctor to get your dose adjusted. Some transitioning folks may even need supportive psychotherapy to help them cope with their emotions. There is no shame in getting a new dose or going to therapy; it’s all part of the process of self-love through a major life change.

We can see examples of both pin-cushion and barrel distortion in figure 1.19, using a grid of lines as the object. Pin-cushion distortion is characterized by increased magnification with increased field (distance from the optical axis). This is shown by the magnification of the red arrow being approximately equal to the un-aberrated image magnification and the blue arrow having a larger magnification than the un-aberrated image. Barrel distortion is just the opposite, characterized by decreased magnification with increased field, as shown.

Many transgender and gender non-conforming people are interested in transitioning their bodies to match their gender identities, but they don’t always know where to start. This section describes the first steps involved in making a complete medical transition as a trans person.

If spherical and/or coma is present in a system suffering from astigmatism, then shifting the stop can help minimize the blur from astigmatism. Lens bending can also help minimize astigmatism. Since astigmatism is proportional to the square of the field angle and increases linearly with aperture, choosing a smaller field angle or pupil size can be an option if astigmatism is too great. In the case that stop shift, bending, field angle and pupil size are insufficient, adding additional lenses to the system can contribute the opposite sign astigmatism to cancel it out.

Whatis aberration in optics

Patients can choose to have their breast implants inserted over (sub-glandular placement) or under (sub-muscular placement) the chest wall muscles. Each surgery is different, and your surgeon may adjust their approach based on your unique anatomy. For example, a doctor may make a small incision near the breast area to create a pocket that holds the implant or create an opening near your areola, armpit, or the bottom of your chest muscle. Like with any invasive procedure, your breast augmentation involves a bit of recovery time and pain. That said, the placement of your implant affects your overall downtime and final result. People that are seriously considering breast augmentation may want to note that implants inserted under the muscle result in a more natural-looking bust in exchange for a slightly more challenging recovery.

Early telescope users, like Galileo, were troubled by ACA because there was always a colored blur around everything they observed. Human eyes are most sensitive to green light, so that’s where they focused their telescopes, leaving red and blue out of focus. This resulted in a magenta (red + blue) blur as shown in figure 1.2. It’s easy to see how this image results in a blur. First place an image plane at the green focus in figure 1.1b. Then consider how the T-ACA from the blue and red light rays combine, forming a blurred magenta ring around the central white dot.

A custom lens designer can use a few techniques to reduce spherical aberration. One technique called “lens bending” requires adjusting the lens curvatures while keeping the lens power the same. This effectively adjusts the shape of the lens to minimize SA. For systems used with infinite conjugates (object or image at infinity), it is best to bend the lens so the greatest curvature is toward infinity. Looking at figure 1.7, this is not the case. The greatest curve faces away from the incident light. This causes a large SA as discussed above. Referring now to figure 1.9, the upper lens layout shows the same lens flipped around so the greatest curve of the lens faces the incident light from infinity. This greatly reduces the SA.

Spherical aberration (SA) is the only monochromatic aberration that is present on the optical axis. It is similar to axial chromatic in this regard as well as the fact that it is the same everywhere in the field. Spherical aberration occurs when light rays at or near the edge (or margin) of the lens focus at a different location than those that enter the lens at or near the center as seen in figure 1.7. Like measuring ACA, SA is sometimes measured as a longitudinal or transverse aberration. We refer to longitudinal spherical aberration as LSA and transverse spherical as TSA, as shown below.

Here’s an unfortunate fact: even if you’ve gone through HRT and feminization surgery, your voice will remain the same. That’s why some transgender people may attend voice training lessons or even use apps to achieve a higher, more feminine speaking voice. This helps with feelings of gender dysphoria and allows transgender women to conduct themselves with confidence in their day-to-day lives.

Otherwise known as the Suporn technique (named after its proponent, Dr. Suporn), a non-penile inversion uses perforated scrotal tissue for the vaginal lining and intact scrotal tissue for the labia majora. Instead of inverting the penis, this type of medical transition uses penile tissue for the labia majora and clitoral hood. This can result in greater vaginal depth and a more sensitive inner labia.

Something most mental health practitioners consider is the presence of stable support groups, friends, families, or a wider community that the patient belongs to. Doctors will also note pre-existing conditions that may be exacerbated by the procedure.

This surgery involves using the penile skin to form a sensate vagina. The labia majora and minora are constructed from scrotal tissue, while the clitoris is sculpted from the penile glans. Some surgeons may opt to use the remaining scrotal tissue to create additional vaginal depth. Keep in mind that self-lubrication can still be an issue.

Transitioning to one’s identified gender is a complicated process that may include a combination of hormones and surgeries. That’s why we recommend connecting with mental health providers specializing in gender-based health care as a first step.

The result of LCA in telescopes is that off-axis images of stars appear to be little line segments that are blue at one end and red at the other as seen in figure 1.6. The line segments are in a sagittal orientation, which means that they lie on lines that pass through the optical axis.

What are aberrationsin the bible

A common ploy is to attempt to introduce Petzval curvature into a lens to flatten out the astigmatic focal surfaces, giving a smaller blur on the image plane. This, known as an artificially flattened field, results in acceptable but not exceptional image quality.

If our familiar example object of stars were imaged through a system with Petzval field curvature the image would look in focus in the center of the image, with the focus falling off near the edges as shown in figure 1.16. This is very similar to the image at the medial focus of a system suffering from astigmatism.

The two chromatic aberrations are axial chromatic and lateral chromatic. The distinction is that axial chromatic aberration is present on the optical axis, as well as everywhere else. Lateral chromatic aberrations only occurs off-axis.

Note that figure 1.1 functions as an aid in the understanding of aberrations and is not to scale. The actual distances between foci (focal lengths) for different wavelengths would be much smaller.

Using an achromatic doublet, as in figure 1.3, significantly improves image quality by reducing the blur. Bringing all three wavelengths to a common focus can further reduce this blur. This type of lens, called an apochromat, is generally made of 3 elements.

For transgender women and non-binary people, lacking breast tissue can be a source of discomfort or insecurity about one’s appearance. While undergoing HRT stimulates breast growth, it won’t deliver the same increase in breast augmentation or breast implants. But how does this surgery work?

The blur due to TSA varies as the cube of the f/#. The f/#, as stated on our Basic Optics Terms page, is the focal length of the lens divided by the entrance pupil diameter, or in the case of a single lens, the diameter of the lens (f/# = f/d). So if the focal length is held constant and the entrance pupil diameter is increased the blur from spherical aberration will also increase (as the f/# decreases). Considering this, the cube of the f/# is therefore inversely proportional to TSA. For example, this means that the blur is 8X as large for a lens at f/2 as for the same lens stopped down to f/4. The characteristic shape of spherical aberration is a circular blur and it creates a haziness across the entire image as seen in figure 1.8.

Although we list these aberrations individually, they normally occur in combinations. Most lenses have all of the above aberrations, as well as chromatic variation of the monochromatic aberration (e.g. the spherical aberration in red is different from the spherical aberration in blue). Things also become more complex as the f/# is reduced and the field angle increased. The Seidel aberrations are also known as third order aberrations, and there are fifth and higher order aberrations in addition. If you want to learn more about this topic, I’d suggest reading Welford’s Aberrations of Optical Systems. You can also visit our How to Measure Aberrations page to get an introduction to some different methods.

What are aberrationsdnd

Another option is to add a negative field-flattener lens to the system placed close to the image surface. This lens’ design allows it to have the opposite field curvature of the system to cancel it out. Due to its position near the focal plane it will not affect other aberrations greatly.

There are five monochromatic aberrations: spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism, Petzval field curvature, and distortion. Each can be present even if the optical system is being used with monochromatic light, e.g. a laser. They differ in appearance and their dependence on f/# and field height (distance from the optical axis). Discovered over several decades in the late nineteenth century and codified by L. Seidel, these monochromatic aberrations are thus known as the Seidel aberrations.

It wasn’t until 1757 that John Dolland discovered combining two different types of glass could reduce this problem. This technique, called an achromat (from the Greek ‘a‘ (without) and ‘chromos‘ color), brings the blue and red foci to the same location and leaves the green light at a different focal length. See figure 1.3 for an example.

In this guide, we address some of the most common questions about going through an MtF transition. This includes basic information about hormone replacement therapy (HRT), social transitions, and gender confirmation surgeries.

Ernst Abbe, a man who is responsible for many advances in microscopy, came up with a formula called the Abbe sine condition. The sine condition has two forms as shown in figure 1.12. The first is for the case of finite object and image distances. In this case, if the ratio of the sine of the object angle to the sine of the image angle is constant for all rays, the condition is met. In the case of an infinite object, if the ratio of object ray height to the sine of the image angle is constant for all rays, the condition is met. If a lens corrects spherical aberration and coma, it meets the sine condition. We call this an aplanat.

Astigmatism is closely related to field curvature and when both are present in a system the result is two image surfaces as shown in figure 1.17. The tangential and sagittal image surfaces will converge on the Petzval surface if astigmatism is corrected for. This can be done by lens bending, stop shift, moving elements or changing optical glasses in a system.

This procedure involves using intestinal tissue to form a vaginal wall and can sometimes be used in conjunction with a penile inversion. Surgeons use intestinal tissue because it’s mucosal and therefore able to self-lubricate.

If the lens needs additional correction, making the lens aspherical can further reduce SA. Lens designers can use combinations of these techniques and more to achieve the level of correction needed.

According to a study by the Williams Institute in 2016, there are roughly 1.4 million transgender people in America. Since then, hundreds of thousands of trans women and men have come out – each taking steps to transition and live out their gender identities. But how exactly does such a transition work?

Some people report that their orgasms impact their entire bodies rather than just their genitals. Post-HRT trans women may also find that ejaculation involves clear fluid or none at all, depending on how long they’ve been taking hormones. Finally, testicles can shrink to half their original size over time.

This is crucial for two reasons. The first is that your physician or therapist needs to confirm your gender dysphoria, which is when a transgender person experiences distress about the discrepancy between their gender identity and the sex they were assigned at birth. The second is because transitioning is both physically and emotionally taxing. That means your doctor needs to gauge your understanding of the transition while assessing you for potential risk factors.

Similar to any medical procedure, there is a range of side-effects associated with transitioning, but these vary with your specific treatment plan. For example, blood clots are less likely to happen when a patient chooses to take estrogen through pills or patches instead of injections. Regardless, all transgender people that are considering transitioning should be aware of the following risks and unintended outcomes of their decision:

Axial chromatic aberration (ACA) occurs everywhere in the field of view, and is pretty much the same everywhere. The fact that the refractive index (nλ) of glass is different for different wavelengths causes this. The result is that a simple lens (e.g. a magnifying glass) has a different focal length for each wavelength of light as shown in figure 1.1a below.

Whatis aberration in Physics

Once a lens is corrected for spherical aberration, coma and astigmatism we call it anastigmatic. The name is derived from the Greek ‘ana’, meaning ‘up from’, and ‘stigma’, meaning ‘point’.

It is important to note that stopping down the lens does not change L-ACA but instead can greatly decrease T-ACA. This is because stopping down the lens does not change the focal length difference between colors, it only decreases the angle between the light rays and the optical axis. Therefore, it decreases the distance from the optical axis that the out of focus light rays cross the image plane (T-ACA).

While each MtF transition is slightly different, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) remains an excellent option for many trans girls. Hormone therapy is designed to induce emotional, sexual, and physical changes in your body, which is similar to the development of secondary sex characteristics during puberty.

Spherical aberration

If the object and image are interchanged, the sign of distortion will flip. We can use this principle to create a distortion-less system. If two identical lenses are used and a stop is placed midway between them, distortion will be zero as seen in figure 1.20. If it is not possible to utilize exact symmetry, another option is to add more elements to the system in an attempt to “balance” the distortion seen such that the sum of all element contributions to distortion = zero.

Transitioning as a transgender or non-binary person is non-linear and varies from person to person. Some folks prefer to go all-in and start HRT before going under the knife for gender confirmation surgery, while others are content with non-surgical transitions. So if you’re interested in transitioning and you want to get started on your journey, head over to our product page and take a look at what we've got to offer!

A transgender person that’s in the process of transitioning may consider going under the knife to achieve a look that matches their gender identity. These procedures are called gender confirmation surgeries (formerly known as sex reassignment surgery.) Because these procedures are so complicated, they often need a whole team of multispeciality surgeons to ensure each transition is handled with care. Common procedures for trans women include top surgery or breast augmentation surgery and bottom surgery or vaginoplasty.

The last of the five Seidel aberrations is distortion. Like Petzval curvature, it does not blur the image, but unlike Petzval curvature it does not curve the image. Instead, it either compresses the edges of an image, resulting in barrel distortion, or expands them, resulting in pincushion distortion.

According to the World Professional Association of Transgender Health (WPATH), patients must fully understand their transition and its accompanying procedures before they can consent. This is done in tandem with a psychosocial evaluation that screens for potential risk factors.

Another technique called “lens splitting” is when a single lens is split into multiple lenses in close proximity that have a total power of the original single lens. This is effective because SA is highly dependent on angle of incidence, therefore if the lens can be split into multiple lenses, we can decrease the angles of incidence while keeping the same power. Figure 1.9 shows an example of lens bending and splitting.

When starting hormone therapy, you’ll receive medications designed to block testosterone production and curtail androgen receptors. During this phase, most trans women are prescribed daily doses of 100 to 200 milligrams. Once the initial six-to-eight weeks of hormone blockers have passed, patients advance to the next part of the HRT process: estrogen.

As we mentioned earlier, HRT treatments can reduce hair growth, but it doesn’t stop it altogether. That’s why hair removal procedures are so common among transgender women. These procedures can range from easily-accessible and temporary (like shaving one’s legs, using depilatory creams, or going to a waxing salon) to expensive and permanent. One popular approach is laser hair removal, which smooths hair follicles to inhibit unwanted hair growth in your underarms, pubic area, or even on your face. This results in soft, smooth skin – complementing a feminine physique or manner of dress.

If we image stars through a lens with astigmatism, as shown in figure 1.14, the image shape will depend on which plane of focus we selected as the image plane. If we position the image plane on the tangential focus, the off-axis image of the stars would resemble lines tangent to an imaginary circle centered on the optical axis. When we position the image plane at the medial focus, the off-axis image will simply look out of focus when compared to the un-aberrated image. When positioning the image plane at the sagittal focus, the image of the stars will resemble short line segments that rest on lines that go through the optical axis.

Choosing the correct shape of the lens can be very helpful in reducing coma. Using a convex-planar lens with the convex side facing infinity will help to minimize coma. This is close to the bending needed to minimize spherical aberration. Also, since the amount of blur is proportional to the square of the entrance pupil diameter, stopping down the lens will help minimize coma.

Estrogen can be delivered to your body in a few ways. Some trans women may opt for less-invasive estrogen delivery methods like gels, patches, and creams, while others might prefer taking their hormones orally or through injections.