The background colors are set using the rgb() color function. The three colors are the same. The third is semi-transparent, so we included a repeating-linear-gradient() on the to better demonstrate the transparency of alpha channels.

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This problem can be corrected by having such surfaces at an angle from the perpendicular, and this angle is typically less than 10º because of the small angular spread of a single mode beam.

Each value can be represented as a between 0 and 255, a between 0% and 100%, or the keyword none (equivalent to 0% in this case). These values represent the red, green, and blue channels, respectively.

When addressing this issue, it will help to understand the difference between magnification and FOV, and why cameras do not add magnification. Magnification and ...

A hyperbolic lens is often used. This lens shape has about the same transverse offset loss as in a hemispheric lens, but there was less sensitivity to tilt and more sensitivity to longitudinal translation.

The sawtooth shaped groove profile of a ruled grating (the longer face) forms a specific angle relative to the surface of the flat substrate. This angle is ...

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Sep 3, 2012 — 200 line pairs/mm) is 400 line widths per mm. Therefore a 1/2.3" sensor with dimensions of 6.16x4.62mm would have a resolution of 1848 LW/PH ...

Another technique is using a wedged-shaped fiber end as shown below. This is done by grinding the tip of an un-tapered fiber. Perpendicular to this plane, the fiber and laser modes are closely matched.

When defining a relative color, the different channels of the output color can be expressed in several different ways. Below, we'll study some examples to illustrate these.

The rgb() functional notation expresses a color in the sRGB color space according to its red, green, and blue components. An optional alpha component represents the color's transparency.

The keyword from is always included when defining a relative color, followed by a value representing the origin color: This is the original color that the relative color is based on. The origin color can be any valid syntax, including another relative color.

A laser shaft alignment tool performs measurements by means of two sensors mounted on two connected shafts. Both sensors fire a laser beam and receive the other ...

Tapered fiber can also be made by etching a stub of fiber, so that part of the cladding is removed. In this case, the core diameter and MFD keeps the same. This approach is shown below.

The coupling efficiency is very sensitive to the alignment. This sensitivity is shown in the following figure. This figure shows the sensitivity to lateral displacement between the diode and the lenses or fiber. Longitudinal displacement is another factor. Generally speaking, the lower the coupling loss, the more sensitive the optimum coupling is to displacement.

The other technique to solve the reflection problem is to use curved surfaces. The radius of the curvature must be small because of the small mode field diameter (MFD) of the fiber or components.

Some of these techniques use lenses that are cylindrical instead of spherical to compensate for laser diode’s elliptical emission pattern. Other factors in selecting the coupling technique include small package size, optimized alignment, etc.

This feature is well established and works across many devices and browser versions. It’s been available across browsers since January 2020.

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So other coupling techniques were developed using various lenses to reduce the coupling loss. This is shown in the following illustration.

RGBr255

In the examples we've seen so far in this section, the alpha channels have not been explicitly specified for either the origin or output colors. When the output color alpha channel is not specified, it defaults to the same value as the origin color alpha channel. When the origin color alpha channel is not specified (and it is not a relative color), it defaults to 1. Therefore, the origin and output alpha channel values are 1 for the above examples.

You should also consider the impact of reflection of the emitted light back into the diode. Planar surfaces perpendicular to the optical axis are particularly bad in this respect.

Note: Because the origin color channel values are resolved to values, you have to add numbers to them when using them in calculations, even in cases where a channel would normally accept , , or other value types. Adding a to a , for example, doesn't work.

These variants are defined using relative colors — the --base-color custom property is passed into an rgb() function, and the output color has its red and blue channels modified to achieve the desired effect via calc() functions, while the green channel is left unchanged.

With more complex lens shapes, the sensitivity is also more complicated. The best coupling efficiency is about 90% or 0.45dB coupling loss.

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Note: The rgba() functional notation is an alias for rgb(). They are exactly equivalent. It is recommended to use rgb().

Note: As mentioned above, if the output color is using a different color model to the origin color, the origin color is converted to the same model or space as the output color in the background so that it can be represented in a way that is compatible (i.e. using the same channels).

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This is partially because that the laser diode emission pattern is somewhat elliptical. Analytical expressions for such patterns have been used for both LED and LD (laser diode).

Since the laser diode emits at a elliptical pattern, a simple hemispherical lens surface is not enough for better coupling. That is why more complex lens shapes were developed.

Lens focal length, expressed in millimeters, determines angle of view and subject magnification. Smaller focal lengths indicate a wide-angle of view, while ...

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An representing the alpha channel value of the color, where the number 0 corresponds to 0% (fully transparent) and 1 corresponds to 100% (fully opaque). Additionally, the keyword none can be used to explicitly specify no alpha channel. If the A channel value is not explicitly specified, it defaults to 100%. If included, the value is preceded by a slash (/).

The brute-force approach of simply butting an optical fiber almost against the laser diode allows for only about 10-20% coupling efficiency, or a 7 to 10dB coupling loss. The coupling approach is show below.

The tapered fiber tips change the mode field diameter (MFD) of the fiber. Tapered fiber can be manufactured by pulling on a short length of fiber – this approach reduces the diameters of both the core and cladding. In this approach, the MFD is enlarged. This approach is shown in the following figure.

Note: For compatibility reasons, Web API-serialized color values are expressed as rgb() colors if the alpha channel value is exactly 1, and rgba() colors otherwise. In both cases, legacy syntax is used, with commas as separators (for example rgb(255, 0, 0)).

In both cases, a lens at the taper tip is fabricated to reduce the MFD for better coupling efficiency. Such lenses can be formed on the fiber end by the following methods.

This example styles three

elements with different background colors. The left-hand one is given the unmodified --base-color, while the middle and right ones are given variants of that --base-color that successively remove more from the red channel and add more to the blue channel.

In the following example, the hsl() origin color is again converted into an rgb() representation — rgb(255 0 0). calc() calculations are applied to the R, G, B, and A values. After calculating, the R, G, B and A values are 127.5, 25, 175, and 0.9 respectively. The final output color is the equivalent of rgb(127.5 25 175 / 0.9) in the sRGB color space: color(srgb 0.5 0.0980392 0.686275 / 0.9).

In the above case, the output color is the sRGB color() equivalent of rgb(132 132 224): color(srgb 0.517647 0.517647 0.878431).

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Let's start with an origin color of hsl(0 100% 50%) (equivalent to rgb(255 0 0)). The following function outputs the same color as the origin color — it uses the origin color's r, g, and b channel values (255, 0, and 0) as the output channel values:

In the first two examples below, we are using relative color syntax. However, the first one outputs the same color as the origin color and the second one outputs a color not based on the origin color at all. They don't really create relative colors! You'd be unlikely to ever use these in a real codebase, and would probably just use an absolute color value instead. We included these examples as a starting point for learning about relative rgb() syntax.

When using relative color syntax inside an rgb() function, the browser converts the origin color into an equivalent RGB color (if it is not already specified as such). The color is defined as three distinct color channel values — r (red), g (green), and b (blue) — plus an alpha channel value (alpha). These channel values are made available inside the function to be used when defining the output color channel values:

Note: To fully enable the representation of the full spectrum of visible colors, the output of relative rgb() color functions is serialized to color(srgb). That means that querying the output color value via the HTMLElement.style property or the CSSStyleDeclaration.getPropertyValue() method returns the output color as a color(srgb ...) value.

The next function uses absolute values for the output color's channel values, outputting a completely different color not based on the origin color:

Each value can be represented as a between 0 and 255, a between 0% and 100%, or the keyword none (equivalent to 0% in this case). These values represent the red, green, and blue channel values of the output color, respectively.

You can also use index matching gel between the offending surfaces or thin-film anti-reflective coatings to reduce the severity of back reflection.

Let's look at some examples that specify origin and output alpha channel values. The first one specifies the output alpha channel value as being the same as the origin alpha channel value, whereas the second one specifies a different output alpha channel value, unrelated to the origin alpha channel value.

The mechanical stability of the coupling technique is also very important. It must have stability against mechanical vibrations and temperature fluctuation.

An representing the alpha channel value of the output color, where the number 0 corresponds to 0% (fully transparent) and 1 corresponds to 100% (fully opaque). Additionally, the keyword none can be used to explicitly specify no alpha channel. If the A channel value is not explicitly specified, it defaults to the alpha channel value of the origin color. If included, the value is preceded by a slash (/).