Abstract: Skin conductivity (i.e., sweat) forms the basis of many physiology-based emotion and stress detection systems. However, such systems typically do not detect the biomarkers present in sweat, and thus do not take advantage of the biological information in the sweat. Likewise, such systems do not detect the volatile organic components (VOC’s) created under stressful conditions. This work presents a review into the current status of human emotional stress biomarkers and proposes the major potential biomarkers for future wearable sensors in affective systems. Emotional stress has been classified as a major contributor in several social problems, related to crime, health, the economy, and indeed quality of life. While blood cortisol tests, electroencephalography and physiological parameter methods are the gold standards for measuring stress; however, they are typically invasive or inconvenient and not suitable for wearable real-time stress monitoring. Alternatively, cortisol in biofluids and VOCs emitted from the skin appear to be practical and useful markers for sensors to detect emotional stress events. This work has identified antistress hormones and cortisol metabolites as the primary stress biomarkers that can be used in future sensors for wearable affective systems. Keywords: stress; emotion; cortisol; volatile organic components; biomarkers; wearable sensors

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Zamkah, A., Hui, T., Andrews, S., Dey, N., Shi, F., & Sherratt, R. S. (2020). Identification of Suitable Biomarkers for Stress and Emotion Detection for Future Personal Affective Wearable Sensors. Biosensors, 10(4), 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios10040040

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

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Zamkah, Abdulaziz, Terence Hui, Simon Andrews, Nilanjan Dey, Fuqian Shi, and R. Simon Sherratt. 2020. "Identification of Suitable Biomarkers for Stress and Emotion Detection for Future Personal Affective Wearable Sensors" Biosensors 10, no. 4: 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios10040040

Zamkah, A., Hui, T., Andrews, S., Dey, N., Shi, F., & Sherratt, R. S. (2020). Identification of Suitable Biomarkers for Stress and Emotion Detection for Future Personal Affective Wearable Sensors. Biosensors, 10(4), 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios10040040

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Zamkah, A.; Hui, T.; Andrews, S.; Dey, N.; Shi, F.; Sherratt, R.S. Identification of Suitable Biomarkers for Stress and Emotion Detection for Future Personal Affective Wearable Sensors. Biosensors 2020, 10, 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios10040040

Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications.

Zamkah A, Hui T, Andrews S, Dey N, Shi F, Sherratt RS. Identification of Suitable Biomarkers for Stress and Emotion Detection for Future Personal Affective Wearable Sensors. Biosensors. 2020; 10(4):40. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios10040040

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Zamkah, A.; Hui, T.; Andrews, S.; Dey, N.; Shi, F.; Sherratt, R.S. Identification of Suitable Biomarkers for Stress and Emotion Detection for Future Personal Affective Wearable Sensors. Biosensors 2020, 10, 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios10040040

Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive positive feedback from the reviewers.

Zamkah, Abdulaziz, Terence Hui, Simon Andrews, Nilanjan Dey, Fuqian Shi, and R. Simon Sherratt. 2020. "Identification of Suitable Biomarkers for Stress and Emotion Detection for Future Personal Affective Wearable Sensors" Biosensors 10, no. 4: 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios10040040

Zamkah A, Hui T, Andrews S, Dey N, Shi F, Sherratt RS. Identification of Suitable Biomarkers for Stress and Emotion Detection for Future Personal Affective Wearable Sensors. Biosensors. 2020; 10(4):40. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios10040040

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