Some people may decide to have gender-affirming surgery. According to the United Kingdom’s National Health Service (NHS), these surgical procedures include:

Male-to-female (MTF) hormone therapy, or estrogen hormone therapy, can cause a person to experience physical, emotional, sexual, and reproductive changes. Some changes can reach their full extent within 2–3 years, while others can take up to 6 years.

A person’s testicles will also shrink to approximately less than half their original size. This can occur 3–6 months after beginning estrogen hormone therapy. Although there is a decrease in testicle volume, the amount of scrotal skin does not change. If a person decides to undergo gender-affirming surgery, the surgeon will use the scrotal skin to create the labia majora.

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Buying and taking hormones from other sources carries many risks, such as poor quality of drugs, improper doses, and possible harm.

Root Mean Square (RMS) roughness (Rq). The Root Mean Square (RMS) roughness (Rq) is the root mean square average of the roughness profile ordinates. Note: Rq ...

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Other surgeries include breast augmentation, facial surgery, voice surgery, liposuction, and thyroid cartilage reduction.

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Young people who are transgender and have not begun, or are in the process of puberty, may find puberty blockers beneficial.

A 2019 systematic review notes that in some cases, estrogen hormone therapy causes infertility, whereas, in others, it does not.

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There are different types of surgery for transgender men. Learn more about how long to wait until it is safe to have sex and other sexual health tips…

Doctors may recommend bone screening procedures, especially if a person is at high risk, to monitor the effects the hormones have on the bones.

Studies have investigated the effect of estrogen hormone therapy on the reproductive system. However, the results are not clear.

This article will replace the term MTF hormones with estrogen hormone therapy. This is because MTF terminology is binary and exclusionary. Not everyone who uses estrogen-based hormone therapy may identify as male or have the goal of becoming female.

Once a person starts taking estrogen hormone therapy, they may begin to experience erectile dysfunction and fewer erections. However, a person will still be able to reach orgasm.

While the research does not suggest that infertility due to estrogen hormone therapy is irreversible, some people may find fertility procedures beneficial.

Additionally, transgender women who have diabetes may be more likely to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease while undergoing estrogen hormone therapy.

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A 2016 article notes that doctors used to prescribe ethinyl estradiol, a form of estrogen. However, it is more likely that doctors will prescribe different forms of estrogen, as ethinyl estradiol can cause an increase in the chance of cardiovascular disease and deep venous thrombosis.

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During this time, some people might find it helpful to talk to a mental health professional to help explore and understand these new emotions and thoughts.

A person may not notice significant changes when starting estrogen hormone therapy. The timeline varies, and some people may see more significant changes than others.

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This article looks at what changes a person can expect and how long these changes take when undergoing estrogen hormone therapy.

Beam size is just one of the parameters that can be measured in lasers. At Gentec-EO, we specialize in laser power & energy measurement and beam profiling instruments. Explore laser beam measurement solutions.

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Facial hair, and hair on the chest, arms, and back, will grow at a slower rate. However, it will not stop growing entirely.

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The D4σ beam width definition is the international ISO standard. It is computed automatically by the BEAMAGE-4M beam profiler.

It is important to contact a doctor if a person decides to transition. A person must also have regular health checks to ensure that they are taking the correct medication dosage.

Some transgender people transition with the help of medical procedures, such as estrogen hormone therapy. This can help the body develop “feminine” physical characteristics. It can also help to suppress “masculine” physical traits.

Anecdotally, some transgender women note that their orgasms feel different once they begin estrogen hormone therapy. Some state that their orgasms become “full-body orgasms” rather than being centered on their genitals.

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Some lasers have what's called a gaussian profile, where the intensity is highest in the center of the beam and then tapers off gradually according to a specific formula. Other lasers known as flat-tops have a more "on or off" intensity distribution. All lasers can have irregularities in their profile.

A person’s healthcare provider may ask people to come back for health checks regularly to ensure they are taking the correct medication dosage.

The UCSF state that a person may notice that they experience a wider range of emotions. They may also develop different tastes and interests. These emotional changes should settle.

If a person is concerned about maintaining an erection, they can talk with a healthcare professional about taking medications, such as Viagra (sildenafil).

Once you have your beam size, you can get more information about the laser beam using the area & power density calculator.

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A person undergoing estrogen hormone therapy might notice small buds developing underneath the nipples. This can be painful but will typically resolve over several months.

The cost of estrogen hormone therapy can vary according to a range of factors. These include the type of hormones a person takes and how they use them.

According to a 2017 article, a person can expect a decrease in sexual desire and function within 1–3 months. However, these changes can take 3–6 years to reach their maximum effect.

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Estrogen hormone therapy involves an individual assigned male at birth taking the hormone estrogen to develop certain “feminine” characteristics.

One type of estrogen, ethinyl estradiol, can lead to an increase in the risk of cardiovascular disease. Doctors are less likely to prescribe this form of estrogen due to the risks.

Sex and gender exist on spectrums. This article will use the terms “male,” “female,” or both to refer to sex assigned at birth. Click here to learn more.

High estrogen can cause weight gain, heavy periods, and fatigue in females. In males, it can cause infertility and breast tissue growth. Learn more…

It is crucial to ask a doctor any questions a person has about estrogen hormone therapy. It is necessary to understand the risks and benefits and to discuss fertility options and the possibility of surgery in the future.

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The 1/e2 definition of beam width is the distance between 2 points where the intensity falls to 1/e2 (13.5%) of the maximum

It can take some time for people to notice physical and emotional changes while taking estrogen hormone therapy. Some people may see these changes within months, whereas others may only notice changes after a year.

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Transgender women who have not undergone an orchiectomy, which is removing the testicles, can use a sperm bank to preserve their sperm.

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Research suggests that people over the age of 40 metabolize estrogen better through transdermal application than other options. So, doctors are likely to recommend transdermal application of estrogen, such as patches.

Laser specifications change over time for many reasons and it causes problems accross all industries. Learn about how laser output measurement solves numerous problems in YOUR industry. Download the guide below.

Before starting estrogen hormone therapy, it is important to gain as much information as possible. So always discuss the risks and side effects that hormone therapy may cause with a healthcare professional.

Estrogen hormone therapy is a longer-term process that can help people develop physical characteristics to alleviate their gender dysphoria. There are multiple ways to take hormone therapy, and some people may find better results when taking additional anti-androgens alongside estrogen.

It is also essential that a person manages their expectations of when they will begin to see changes. Some people can take hormones for over a year before seeing any noticeable changes.

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In most cases, people regain fertility once they stop taking the hormones. However, there is some evidence that the longer a person takes estrogen hormone therapy, the less likely they are to have fertile sperm.

These medicines stop the body from producing sex hormones, such as testosterone and estrogen, and prevent the body from developing secondary sex characteristics.

It is important to receive estrogen hormone therapy from a healthcare professional. Sourcing estrogen and anti-androgens online can carry many risks. A healthcare professional can ensure that a person takes the correct dosage of their medication and treat any additional health conditions.

Laser beams change as they propagate. Not (only) because the experimental setup has problems, but because even perfect textbook lasers diverge.

Researchers found microplastics in human penile tissue for the first time, sparking concerns about microplastics' potential impact on erectile…

A 2016 systematic review found that estrogen hormone therapy positively affects the emotional and mental health of transgender individuals.

Some people may need additional health checks, such as if they are at a higher risk of bone loss or cardiovascular disease.

FWHM (Full Width Half Maximum) defines beam width as the distance between the 2 points where the beam's intensity falls to 50% of its maximum.

The World Professional Association for Transgender Health recommends healthcare professionals and individuals undergo several steps before starting estrogen hormone therapy.

Breast development will vary between people. The breasts can vary in size and shape and may be uneven. However, most people can expect to develop an “A” cup or perhaps a small “B” cup.

People must also check that the healthcare professional or medical center that their doctor has referred them to are in their insurance network.

Transcaresite has a directory of trans-friendly medical professionals. If an individual’s healthcare insurance covers the cost of transitioning, it is important to check that the healthcare professional a person chooses is in their insurance network.

Estrogen stops the pituitary gland from forming gonadotropin, which reduces androgen production. Androgens are a group of hormones that help with reproductive development, among other things. Reducing the number of androgens in the body helps a person transition by encouraging changes in fat distribution, breast development, and male pattern hair growth.

Because measurement location impacts beam size, standard beam size characteristics are measured at the focal point. 2 important metrics are:

A doctor will also ask a person about their medical history as some people are at increased risk for cardiovascular complications, blood clots, and other potential risks.

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There are 4 common beam width definitions, which each give a different answer to the question: "where does a laser’s spot end?"

D4σ is the only beam width definition that takes into account how the intensity varies (instead of just looking for one specific cut-off threshold).

The cross-section of a laser is the "spot" you see when you shine it directly at a wall. Beam size essentially measures how wide that spot is.