Extreme UVwavelength

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The photoresist-coated wafer is loaded into the lithography tool and projected with tiny circuits using an EUV light. (Credit: Marilyn Sargent/Berkeley Lab)

The Fresnel optics features a wide field of view compared to Pancake but is prone to chromatic aberrations (ghosting/overlapping colours). Furthermore, software calibration taking up processing power must account for Fresnel lens known as “distortion’.

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I guess one thing that might slightly reduce the comfort gain, is that the screens need to be brighter, in order to compensate for the loss in the lens train, which strikes me as likely to mean more heat, closer to the face… :7

Q: What is the CXRO doing now to push chip innovation forward? During the pandemic, we continued to partner with Intel and Samsung to push the capabilities of our next generation EUV lithography research tools and to develop new chemical analysis tools that allow us to understand the fundamental physics of how photoresists work.

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Crystal specs do claim a 7 diopter adjustment range; I don’t recall anything about whether this range starts in the negatives, or if that is only plus 0-7… I wondered a bit whether the diagonal flange on the eyetubes, in the parts pictures that were posted the other day, were part of the adjustment mechanism in any way, but who knows – the tubes themselves look to be completely rigid…

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Then, a sophisticated camera called a lithography tool projects images of tiny circuits onto the photoresist-coated wafer using EUV light at a wavelength of 13.5 nanometers. The photoresist captures the ultrahigh resolution image of the computer chip circuits.

Today, the chip industry has entered a new era: extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL), a revolutionary technique that deploys short wavelengths of just 13.5 nanometers, which is about 40 times smaller than visible light and 20 times smaller than UV light. Such a short EUV wavelength allows the microelectronics industry to print microchip circuits and transistors that are tens of thousands of times thinner than a strand of human hair – and buy more time for Moore’s Law, which predicted in 1965 that the number of transistors placed on a chip would double every two years until the technology reached its limitations in miniaturization and performance.

Another thing I wonder about pancake lenses. If they have poor light transmittance, does that mean they heat up? The energy from the lost light has to be going somewhere. But maybe it’s not enough energy in total to matter.

Stems from Pancake’s boucing of light within lens itself, resulting in low light efficiency. Problem of ghosting and is also a scourage for this lens. Also，the cost of Pancake is nearly 10 times higher than that of Fresnel lens

Pancake, on the other hand, works by folding a series of lenses into a curved shape and bouncing light within the glass or plastic. This allows VR HMDs to be thinner and lighter, while also freeing up processing power due to the lack of distortion.

Sorry to put in a point that’s not really related to Pancake Lens, but just the lens. Most headsets today are designed for the 20/20 vision people, which I found really strange. How many people here actually have 20/20 vision? Why headsets are not more accommodating for near or far-sighted people? You know, there will be way way more distortion and ghosting if I have to put my glasses on top of the lens, and the glasses will make the VR experience much worse. In the early days of VR, some headset’s lens actually can be adjusted forward and backward, which helps my near-sighted problem, but today after trying Pimax, HP G2, and Meta Quest 2, I’d say the most concerning issue for me is “can I see clearly without eyeglasses in my headset”? Pancake, aspheric or Fresnel makes no difference when I have to wear the glasses within the headset. It will be bad anyway. For some reason, when wearing my Pimax 5K Super, I can see things comparably clearly without my glasses, and that’s a huge plus for me. And this is why Pimax headset is my favorite: I can see super-wide pictures with my bare eyes ! The screen-door effect is just a tiny problem. So I sincerely hope the upcoming Crystal or 12k allows me to keep seeing things this way. I also wish there is some way that they can adjust lens focus for people not having 20/20 vision. For me, a thinner face pad already did the trick.

Kopin announced an all plastic Pancake lens design called P95, which specially optimized for use with 2.6K x 2.6K OLED high-brightness microdisplays.

Chips consist of miniaturized components called transistors – tiny silicon switches that process and store data as ones and zeroes, the binary language of computers. The more transistors a chip has, the faster it can process data. The most sophisticated chip today is about the size of a fingernail and consists of more than 100 billion transistors.

In this clean room at Berkeley Lab’s Center for X-Ray Optics, researchers use extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) to advance the creation of next-generation, ultra-small computer chips. A human hair is 50–100 micrometers. Each image from the EUVL system is 200 x 30 micrometers and is extremely information-rich.

That’s our value add – we do the fundamental research needed to accelerate technology a decade ahead of the game because the microchip industry doesn’t have time to wait.

As of right now, I think Pancake lenses will be great and what is truly needed for something like working in VR to become viable. It makes headsets thin and light enough to be both extremely comfortable to slip on and wear for hours without the slightest strain. I’ve seen some express wanting to have a ‘monitor replacement’ VR headset, and I’ve never felt like it’s viable long term even with the super high clarity HMDs. The comfort just isn’t there yet.

Some analysts say that the end of Moore’s Law is near. But it could be decades before the modern chip runs out of room for improvement, thanks to advances in materials and instrumentation enabled by the CXRO, Naulleau says.

So I sincerely hope the upcoming Crystal or 12k allows me to keep seeing things this way. I also wish there is some way that they can adjust lens focus for people not having 20/20 vision. For me, a thinner face pad already did the trick.

The biggest benefit of pancake lenses is comfort. To be totally honest, the 12K looks perfect in everyway except this one point. The current fresnel form factor is going to look like like those giant cellphones from the early 90s.

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After the images of the circuits are recorded in the photoresist film, etching tools are used to transfer those circuit patterns into the silicon wafer, eventually forming hundreds of computer chips on each 12-inch wafer.

Since the 1960s, the chip industry has relied on lithography – a technique that uses light to print tiny patterns on silicon to mass produce microchips. Through the decades, advances in lithography have enabled the use of smaller and smaller wavelengths and thus fabricate smaller transistors. During the early years of chip innovation, lithography tools once used visible light, with wavelengths as small as 400 nanometers (nm), and then ultraviolet light (as small as 248 nm) and deep ultraviolet light (193 nm).

Well, maybe not quite entirely specifically unrelated, given one of the noteable features of recent headsets with pancake optics, such as the Arpara, has indeed been diopter adjustability. Don’t know whether you had noticed this, and this is what prompted your post, or not… :7

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When/where did they say that? I never saw that and I feel like I’ve checked out everything released so far pretty extensively. I haven’t seen diopter adjustment in anything except pancake lenses, I don’t really understand how you even could with fresnel or aspheric lenses.

Right now, our latest lithography tools are able to produce features that are smaller than can be reliably recorded in the photoresist, so the most immediate challenge the industry is facing is in the understanding and development of new photoresist materials that will enable fabrication of chips at the 14-angstrom node (1.4 nanometers) and below. (1 angstrom is 10 million times smaller than a millimeter – or the approximate size of a single hydrogen atom.)

I have kind of been waiting for reports of some home tinkerer having motorized that dial in one of those HMDs, to produce a sort of makeshift varifocal functionality. :9 (No idea how much the zoom level changes with this change in a pancake setup, either…)

In 2001, as EUV lithography gained more traction across the industry as a whole, we kicked off a partnership with SEMATECH, which was a broad-based semiconductor industry consortium, to continue pushing EUV lithography research forward.

Extremeultraviolet lithography

12k will have “Bionic” lenses, so aspheric directly forward, then fresnel towards the edges. The processor on the HMD works with the Tobii eye tracking to correct distortion. It won’t be using Pancake lenses, this is just a discussion about tech that’s out in the world.

So I sincerely hope the upcoming Crystal or 12k allows me to keep seeing things this way. I also wish there is some way that they can adjust lens focus for people not having 20/20 vision. For me, a thinner face pad already did the trick.

Q: How has CXRO helped drive innovation in chip making? The CXRO has helped industry understand the fundamental science behind EUVL, and how to push the technology forward.

We’re one of the first DOE labs to develop the basic research for EUVL systems – so industry relies on us to develop new EUV research and development instrumentation such as advanced microfield lithography and microscopy tools.

But, until we can reach a good point like that, I don’t have any interest in pancake lenses. I’ll happily take bulky HMDs, such as the current Pimax designs, if it means being able to have very wide FoV and a packed feature set. It’s sort of like laptops in a way, where sure very small form factors that’re easier to transport exist, but by the sheer nature of having more space a 17-inch laptop can usually fit far more into it, be it things like ports, unsoldered ram, higher power components due to better cooling, vs a 15.6 and especially 14-inch laptop.

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Fresnel 24'000 watts · Power: 24'000W · Lamp type: CP/83 24'000W · Adjustable beam focus from spot to flood · High quality Fresnel lens with short focal length ...

Despite the successful commercial launch of EUV lithography in 2019, there’s still more basic science work to be done to keep the technology moving forward – and we continue to partner with Intel, Samsung, and other industry leaders in the drive to develop future EUV lithography systems capable of printing ever smaller, faster, and more energy-efficient chips.

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If that´s really true, I will for sure buy the 12K. I found little amount of other headset with such diopter adjustment. to mention VIVE Flow (forget about FoV). I just quote from a reddit post and adapt a little bit " 75% of adults use vision correction. Even the CHEAPEST binoculars have diopter adjustments…" Which means, those who can afford (Hear me, PIMAX, Your dear customer is speaking!), often require diopter adjustment + IPD adjustment or at least fitting for wearing Glasses or diopter adapters.

The lens formula is 1/f = 1/Do + 1/Di where f is the focal length of the lens, Do is the distance from the object to the lens and Di is the distance of the ...

In 1997, Intel, IBM, AMD, and Motorola formed the EUV LLC consortium to fund work at three national labs – Berkeley Lab, Livermore Lab, and Sandia – to develop the world’s first EUV lithography scanner for the semiconductor industry. I had just completed my Ph.D. when I was recruited by CXRO to work on the project. I’m proud to say that our work helped lay the foundation for the full commercialization of EUV lithography, which finally happened in 2019.

Advancing microelectronics is a strategic R&D direction for Berkeley Lab, and the CXRO’s activities over the last 25 years are a major component to that. In addition to collaborating with the semiconducting industry to extend Moore’s Law, CXRO researchers are also helping other Berkeley Lab scientists develop next-generation chips that are also more energy efficient than conventional silicon chips.

However, I am not personally in love with the current state for gaming given how it feels like FoV is even more limited with pancake lenses than with current HMDs. The industry is regressing on FoV and that frustrates me. Would I give up some FoV to have pancake optics and the extra comfort? Perhaps. I might even be able to live with something like 130 horizontal in a form factor like the Arpara or the MeganeX if the rest of the features were compelling and good.

Q: How does the CXRO produce EUV light? For the past 25 years, CXRO’s EUVL instruments have harnessed light from Berkeley Lab’s Advanced Light Source, a synchrotron user facility that produces very bright extreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray light that’s guided down highly specialized instruments called “beamlines” to experiment stations.

According to Naulleau, the tiny wavelength in EUVL is very close to X-ray light and therefore requires new instruments that far exceed the capabilities of early lithography, which employed longer and less energetic wavelengths of visible and ultraviolet light. (On the electromagnetic spectrum, a system scientists use to classify all ranges of light according to their corresponding wavelength, X-ray light ranges from 0.01 to 10 nanometers; extreme ultraviolet or EUV light ranges from 10 to 124 nanometers; and UV light from 124 to 400 nanometers, Naulleau explains.)

Jul 31, 2024 — Depth of focus or DOF is the range over which the camera's film or sensor can move while still keeping the image sharp. This term is more about ...

Extremeultraviolet lithography machine

Q: How is EUV lithography used to make microchips? Naulleau:First, a photoresist is spread on top of a silicon wafer. A photoresist is a light-sensitive chemical film like we used to use in old-school film cameras.

I don’t believe Pimax is shipping any pancake lens headsets. I’m actually not sure what they are using for lenses on the Crystal, but I’m quite sure its not a pancake lens design.

DOE’s Office of Science is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States, and is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time. For more information, please visit energy.gov/science.

Advances in microelectronics – also known as microchips or chips – have enabled fast, powerful, compact smartphones and laptops – electronic devices that were once, long ago, the stuff of science fiction.

“When you’re talking about the future of semiconductor manufacturing, we’re talking about extending Moore’s Law – and that has been our primary focus for decades,” says Patrick Naulleau, a leading expert in the complex science behind EUVL and the director of the Center for X-Ray Optics, a research facility located at the Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab).

Hum, let’s dream, what about a mix of both : a lens composed by a pancake for the center, mounted on a fresnel lens to cover the peripherical area of a wide fov ?

EUV lithography was recently commercialized in 2019, but it took decades of research to get there, much of which was made possible by the unique capabilities of the CXRO. For the past 25 years, CXRO scientists and engineers have worked side by side with microelectronics industry leaders to tackle the significant technological advances required to develop EUVL.

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Is the pancake lens approach inherently incapable of or disadvantaged for wide FOV? Or is it merely that early incarnations of them have relatively narrow FOV?

Founded in 1931 on the belief that the biggest scientific challenges are best addressed by teams, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and its scientists have been recognized with 14 Nobel Prizes. Today, Berkeley Lab researchers develop sustainable energy and environmental solutions, create useful new materials, advance the frontiers of computing, and probe the mysteries of life, matter, and the universe. Scientists from around the world rely on the Lab’s facilities for their own discovery science. Berkeley Lab is a multiprogram national laboratory, managed by the University of California for the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Science.

Berkeley Lab scientist unpacks and prepares a new 12-inch silicon wafer which will eventually form hundreds of computer chips after EUV lithography treatment. (Credit: Marilyn Sargent/Berkeley Lab)

Researchers check the wafer after etching tools transfer circuit patterns onto the surface. (Credit: Marilyn Sargent/Berkeley Lab)

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