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The electron microscope uses a beam of electrons and their wave-like characteristics to magnify an object's image, unlike the optical microscope that uses visible light to magnify images.  Conventional optical microscopes can magnify between 40 to 2000 times, but recently what are known as "super-resolution" light microscopes have been developed that can magnify living biological cells up to 20,000 times or more.  However, the electron microscope can resolve features that are more than 1 million times smaller.

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In the SEM, electrons from the electron gun are focused to a fine point at the specimen surface by means of the lens system. This point is scanned across the specimen under the control of currents in the scan coils situated within the final lens.  Low voltage secondary electrons are emitted from the specimen surface and are attracted to the detector. The detector relays signals to an electronic console, and the image appears on a computer screen.

Sometimes x-rays are detected and used to display the atomic elements within specimens.  This can be very useful in analyzing the cellular or sub-cellular elemental content of tissues.  TEMs and SEMs equipped with x-ray detectors are referred to as Analytical Electron Microscopes (AEMs);  analyses using such instruments are described by various terms, for example electron probe x-ray microanalysis (EPMA or EPXMA) or energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX).  Tomographic (3-Dimensional or 3-D) images can be obtained by tilting and/or rotating the specimen while acquiring an image.  Recent developments in slicing very thin sections of tissues, and imaging the face of the block of tissue, have enabled high resolution sub-cellular 3D images to be obtained.

At the end of the 19th Century, physicists realized that the only way to improve on the light microscope was to use radiation of a much shorter wavelength. J.J. Thompson in 1897 discovered the electron; others considered its wave-like properties.  In 1924, Louis deBroglie demonstrated that a beam of electrons traveling in a vacuum behaves as a form of radiation of very short wavelength, but it was Ernst Ruska who made the leap to use these wave-like properties of electrons to construct the first EM and to improve on the light microscope.  Today there are two major types of electron microscopes used in clinical and biomedical research settings: the transmission electron microscope (TEM) and the scanning electron microscope (SEM);  sometimes the TEM and SEM are combined in one instrument, the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM):

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Once you’ve mounted the lens on, you will have to face the various kinds of handles on the ring of the lens. Typically, every C/CS-Mount comes with a focus ring, and many come with an aperture ring, while few may include a zoom ring. The trick to adjusting theses rings is you only tweak one ring at a time with the others fixed. Otherwise, they will move each other and ruin your last adjustment.

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However, the new change brings cost. You must spend extra money on the lens, and more time getting to know the lens. Simple as the old Pi cameras were, they saved most people from thinking about lens, which is not included in the Raspberry Pi High Quality Camera. But how would it work without a lens?

Electron Microscopes (EMs) function like their optical counterparts except that they use a focused beam of electrons instead of photons to "image" the specimen and gain information as to its structure and composition. The basic steps involved in all EMs:

Lens is a crucial part in a camera system that needs flexibility. A single lens cannot meet all needs because the use case varies from one application to another. Sadly, V1 and V2 Pi cameras have glued stock lenses, which leave us little to customize. Take the Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 for example, we have to swap the whole lens-sensor unit for Arducam IMX219 drop-in replacements to mount a different lens.

Recently, the Raspberry Pi High Quality Camera has changed this situation by officially introducing the C/CS-Mount to Pi cameras. With a standard lens mount, this new HQ camera has access to much more lens options.

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Arducam has been building customized Pi camera boards with interchangeable lenses as early as the V1 era, and we offer a wide arrange of lenses other than the officially endorsed 6mm and 16mm lenses. These lenses are also compatible with Arducam IMX477 High Quality Camera Modules.

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C-Mount adapter

Another thing to mention is the aperture, namely the hole on the lens to pass light through. If you want a deeper depth of field (DoF), you’d better get a lens with an aperture ring, since a decreased aperture will increase the DoF. If you have nothing to say about the DoF or you usually shoot from a further distance, a fixed aperture will be okay for your application.

While you are adjusting the lens, we recommend you put the camera module on a tripod. As the camera module now accommodates a much heavier lens, a tripod is handy for holding the camera steady. You can also check the official guide for more information.

On the contrary, Arducam offers many lenses tested on the IMX477 in M12, CS and C Mount, ranging from telephoto to fisheye lenses. Not only do we have datasheet for the lenses, tutorials are also available on how to select the right one for you.

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The C/CS-Mount lenses look quite similar with the same thread size. However, the C-Mount lenses are designed with a longer back focal length than the CS-Mount, so we have a C-CS adapter for the Raspberry Pi High Quality Camera to use with C-Mount lenses.

CS-mount diameter

Firstly, it’s the focal length. The focal length is the most concerning issue for most users to decide how wide the image frame you want to cover. The officially endorsed 6mm lens is usually advertised as wide angle, but it’s just slightly larger than the stock lens of V2, with a horizontal field of view at around 65 degrees. It’s the wide angle to be compared to the 16mm telephoto lens, but not the wide angle you might really need. You can refer to our focal length calculator page for more details.

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If you are really considering a wide-angle application, usually with an HFoV greater than 100 degrees, consider other options including the C-Mount Zoom lenses and M12 Lenses from Arducam. The zoom lens is helpful if you need to switch between a wider view and a narrower view from time to time, and the M12 lenses can push the field to the fisheye level.

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The CGL lenses recommended are at a reasonable price for the Raspberry Pi community, with the 6mm CS-Mount lens at $25 and the 16mm C-Mount lens at $50. We’ve purchased both, and admittedly, those are not bad. However, the issue is that we know little about the lenses just like this mysterious company – there is no detailed datasheet or specifications in the box, no other lenses available than the two, and even no way to contact them directly.

In the TEM, the electrons from the electron gun pass through a condenser lens before encountering the specimen, close to the objective lens. Most of the magnification is accomplished by the objective lens system. The image is viewed through a window at the base of the column and photographed using film, or more recently a CCD camera, by raising the  hinged fluorescent viewing screen.

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If you need help with the Arducam products you’ve purchased, please include the following questions in your post and answer them to help us better understand your needs.

Previously, you could be unsatisfied with the stock lens, but it’s not an issue anymore – because the HQ camera has no stock lens. The Raspberry Pi chooses not to include a lens but have curiously endorsed a little-known reseller – CGL.

If you are using a CS-Mount lens, the adapter must be removed. However, for C-Mount lenses, the adapter is a must-have. Sometimes if you are still not able to focus a C-Mount camera even after the adapter is on, adjust the back focus. The gear-like ring on the main housing of the camera module is the back-focus adjustment ring, and you can spin it to alter the distance between the bottom of the lens and the IMX477 image sensor.

You can’t randomly pick a lens and expect it to perfectly match your applications, and there are some key factors you should take into consideration. You can also refer to our guide on how to choose a lens for the Raspberry Pi High Quality Camera.

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