For example, the number of guided modes in a step index multimode fiber is given by V2/2, and a step index fiber becomes single-mode for a given wavelength when ...

In light of this discovery, I've foregone using film, and now just view aerial images of my subjects, using a small microscope focused on the film plane.

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-The resolution of negative films both color and B/W varies greatly with exposure. I have yet to see a photodo.com or any other test group take this into account.

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I find that the resolving power of the film is most limiting, and that just about any lens - if properly focused - will generate an image in the film plane beyond the capabilities of the film to record.

Jun 2, 2022 — The wavelength of that infrared light is either 850nm or 940nm (nm = nanometres). What is the difference between the 850 and the 940? The ...

Well, my 200 mm tests at 60 lp/mm at f22. That is from a chart with T-max 100 film. The rest(centers only) f5.6-72, f8-68, f11-72, f16-72 and f22-60. I don't understand the 68 at f8, as I got it on two separate negatives. I must have been reading the negatives late at night!! F11 is the "sweet spot"

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-Most square film shooters crop their final prints to 645. As a custom printer that's produced a LOT of custom enlargements over the years I'd easily put virtually any 6x7 format image ahead of any 6x6 format one for this reason. Yes, color rendition levels out at about 16x20, but raw enlargement factors are still relevant. My older Mamiya type C lenses are easily inferior to Zeiss, but no question that my 16x20 and larger prints are superior to the Hassie ones. Raw surface area defeats lens resolution every time.

Free Space Optical Communication Systems. An FSO system in its simplest form is illustrated below. The data to be transmitted is converted to a binary format (1 ...

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But I have seen tests that placed Leicas Summicron 35mm in second place after a low budget lens, a Soligor! Who can believe in that?

It was a line/mm test, such as the one you refer to. I4ve tried both Soligors(which I believe is not made anymore) and Leicas and I4ve noticed a big difference in performance between the two. If you4re satisfied with how Pentax lenses perform, use them!

As long as analog film is being used as a reference source MTF tests are relative at best. And yes, I agree that MTF values are better than LP/MM tests. Some things to ponder;

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Photo by The Bread Board Plus in Haddonfield, New Jersey with @gmuny22, @. charlizelagarez.

Bench tests usung extreme conditions (high contrast trans-illuminated targets etc.) are fine if you are trying to show your lenses are

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factor. For example an APO-Rodagon 50/2.8 at it's specified optimum aperture (f5.6) and enlargement ratio (10x)has an MTF of about 40% at 80 lp/mm. This means that the contrast of detail at 80 lp/mm in the print will only be 40% of that in the negative! This means that if you can just resolve 80 lp/mm

One more thought on testing lenses. The three p67 lense that I own, the 55, 105 and 200 are are all excellent EXCEPT for the 105 at f16 and f22. My 105 goes really soft at 16 and 22. Others tell me that they have not seen this. Point, MTF test published are for that particular sample and MF lenses do seem to vary from sample to sample. Thus doing testing on your own lenses, reveals the individual quirks.

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I think that lens tests might do the work in some cases, but I believe more in what I see with my own eyes, in practical tests. Everyone who has tried a Leica knows that their lenses are of a very high standard, perhaps the best 35 mm lenses on the market.