The study used stainless steel film about three-quarters the thickness of a human hair. Different patterns of holes were punched in the film. The holes were one-quarter to one-half millimeter in diameter (about one-hundredth to one-fiftieth of an inch). That is smaller than the roughly 1-millimeter wavelength of far-infrared light.

Data processing is when raw data has operands applied to it via a computer or server to process data into another useable form. This definition category includes how and where the data is processed.

Interconnect standard which provides cache coherency for accelerators and memory expansion peripheral devices connecting to processors.

When channel lengths are the same order of magnitude as depletion-layer widths of the source and drain, they cause a number of issues that affect design.

That shows high-frequency terahertz signals can be switched on and off to carry data in the digital code of ones and zeroes, and that it someday may be possible to build superfast switches to carry terahertz data at terahertz speeds. That is 1,000 times faster than gigahertz fiber optic lines that carry data as near-infrared and visible light, and 10,000 times faster than microwaves that carry cordless and cell phone conversations.

Vardeny says such efficient transmission occurs because the far-infrared light not only goes through the holes, but also moves electrons in the metal film, generating "surface plasma waves" that launch all the far-infrared radiation through the holes.

A data center is a physical building or room that houses multiple servers with CPUs for remote data storage and processing.

The study in the March 29, 2007, issue of the journal Nature also shows the feasibility of building devices that emit and detect specific frequencies of far-infrared light -- also known as terahertz radiation -- to spot chemical or biological warfare agents such as anthrax bacteria and to make images of packages or people to find concealed weapons and plastic explosives, Nahata adds.

An integrated circuit that manages the power in an electronic device or module, including any device that has a battery that gets recharged.

Modern technology uses many frequencies of electromagnetic radiation for communication, including radio waves, TV signals, microwaves and visible light. Now, a University of Utah study shows how far-infrared light -- the last unexploited part of the electromagnetic spectrum -- could be harnessed to build much faster wireless communications and to detect concealed explosives and biological weapons.

A transmission system that sends signals over a high-speed connection from a transceiver on one chip to a receiver on another. The transceiver converts parallel data into serial stream of data that is re-translated into parallel on the receiving end.

"RR-TAG" is a technical advisory group supporting IEEE standards groups working on 802.11, 802.12, 802.16, 802.20, 802.21, and 802.22.

Design verification that helps ensure the robustness of a design and reduce susceptibility to premature or catastrophic electrical failures.

Complementary metal oxide semiconductorppt

At newer nodes, more intelligence is required in fill because it can affect timing, signal integrity and require fill for all layers.

An eFPGA is an IP core integrated into an ASIC or SoC that offers the flexibility of programmable logic without the cost of FPGAs.

Complementary metal oxide semiconductorwikipedia

IEEE 802.15 is the working group for Wireless Specialty Networks (WSN), which are used in IoT, wearables and autonomous vehicles.

Electronic Design Automation (EDA) is the industry that commercializes the tools, methodologies and flows associated with the fabrication of electronic systems.

For electromagnetic radiation to transmit data, the signal must be turned on and off to rapidly create the binary code of ones and zeroes. Modern optical and electronic switches cannot do that fast enough to handle signals with terahertz frequencies (1,000 billion waves per second), but can handle gigahertz signals (1 billion waves per second).

Wired communication, which passes data through wires between devices, is still considered the most stable form of communication.

A vulnerability in a product’s hardware or software discovered by researchers or attackers that the producing company does not know about and therefore does not have a fix for yet.

Separate electronic devices using Internet or other connections to communicate among the devices. Usually sensors or actuators are sending data to a computing hub.

Data storage and computing done in a data center, through a service offered by a cloud service provider, and accessed on the public Internet.

A software tool used in software programming that abstracts all the programming steps into a user interface for the developer.

Microelectromechanical Systems are a fusion of electrical and mechanical engineering and are typically used for sensors and for advanced microphones and even speakers.

To visualize their discovery, imagine shining a flashlight through a kitchen colander, and that holes make up 20 percent of the colander's surface. Only 20 percent of the light will pass through the colander. But when the Utah researchers shined far-infrared radiation through holes punched in a thin steel foil or film, almost all of the radiation passed through the film if the holes were arranged in semi-regular patterns known as "quasicrystals" or "quasicrystal approximates."

A lab that wrks with R&D organizations and fabs involved in the early analytical work for next-generation devices, packages and materials.

CMOS symbol

The basic architecture for most computing today, based on the principle that data needs to move back and forth between a processor and memory.

IEEE Standard for Design and Verification of Low-Power Integrated Circuits also known by its Accellera name of Unified Power Format (UPF)

CMOS battery

CMOS dissipates power in two primary ways. When they are switching, there is a momentary short circuit across the transistor pair. Also, switching has to dissipate any stored charge (load capacitance) on the electrical connector between it and any other switches connected to it within the circuit. This is referred to as dynamic power. For older geometries, this was the majority of the power consumed by such devices. In more modern devices, the second power draw, when the device is remaining in the same state, has become more important. This is leakage power and may be a significant percentage of total power consumption.

Study co-author Agrawal used a computer to design patterns of holes that he expected would allow "resonance" or "anomalous transmission," meaning all the far-infrared light passes through the holes in the metal films. The researchers projected terahertz or far-infrared light onto the metal films with punched patterns. They found certain frequencies of the far-infrared radiation were completely transmitted through the films with crystal, quasicrystal and quasicrystal-approximate patterns -- even though the terahertz radiation has wavelengths larger than the holes.

CMOS vs MOSFET

No one has built terahertz switches, but Nahata says the new study shows it is possible to use terahertz radiation to carry data and thus may be possible to create terahertz-speed switches for superfast wireless communication over short distances, such as between a cellular phone and headsets, a wireless mouse and a computer, and a PDA (personal digital assistant) and a computer.

The new study was conducted by Nahata and principal author Z. Valy Vardeny, a distinguished professor of physics at the University of Utah, along with Tatsunosuke Matsui, a postdoctoral researcher in physics, and Amit Agrawal, a doctoral student in electrical and computer engineering.

CMOS full form

"We found a way to manipulate a form of infrared radiation that is not now used for communications so that, in the future, it may be possible to use it for high-speed, short-range communication between computers and other devices," says Ajay Nahata, an associate professor of electrical and computer engineering.

Normally, any frequency of electromagnetic radiation or light cannot pass through holes smaller than the radiation's wavelength. A cook can see food in a microwave oven because visible light waves are smaller than the holes in the oven door's grating. But microwaves, with wavelengths larger than the holes, cannot escape to injure the cook.

Near-infrared radiation and some visible light now are used for fiber optic phone and data lines. But terahertz or far-infrared radiation -- on the spectrum between microwaves and mid-infrared radiation -- is not now used for communication.

An approach in which machines are trained to favor basic behaviors and outcomes rather than explicitly programmed to do certain tasks. That results in optimization of both hardware and software to achieve a predictable range of results.

Hardware Verification Language, PSS is defined by Accellera and is used to model verification intent in semiconductor design.

What is CMOS in digital electronics

Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) is a fabrication technology for semiconductor systems that can be used for the construction of digital circuitry, memories and some analog circuits. The technology is based on the pairing of two metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFET), one of which is a p-type and the other an n-type transistor. The term metal oxide semiconductor is a reference to the traditional structure of the device where there would be a metal gate on top of an oxide layer on top of a semiconductor. Today, the metal layer is replaced by a polysilicon layer most of the time.

Until now, such efficient transmission of far-infrared light was achieved only when crystal patterns were used, but unwanted frequencies also were transmitted. In the new study, the researchers could select the wavelength of far-infrared light transmitted through the holes and, by tilting the films, they could switch the transmission on and off.

Actions taken during the physical design stage of IC development to ensure that the design can be accurately manufactured.

The Unified Coverage Interoperability Standard (UCIS) provides an application programming interface (API) that enables the sharing of coverage data across software simulators, hardware accelerators, symbolic simulations, formal tools or custom verification tools.

(Crystals have repeating patterns over a short distance, such as the ordered pattern of carbon atoms in diamond. Quasicrystals have less structure, but display a pattern over a larger area. Quasicrystal approximates -- a term coined by Vardeny and Nahata -- also have patterns, but less so than quasicrystals. Crystals, quasicrystals and approximates all can bend or break up light or other electromagnetic waves.)

Theories have been influential and are often referred to as "laws" and are discussed in trade publications, research literature, and conference presentations as "truisms" that eventually have limits.

The use of metal fill to improve planarity and to manage electrochemical deposition (ECD), etch, lithography, stress effects, and rapid thermal annealing.

"Terahertz is a new region of the spectrum for communications" because the rest of the spectrum is crowded with communication and broadcasting signals, says Nahata.

Combines use of a public cloud service with a private cloud, such as a company's internal enterprise servers or data centers.

Functional Design and Verification is currently associated with all design and verification functions performed before RTL synthesis.

A type of processor that traditionally was a scaled-down, all-in-one embedded processor, memory and I/O for use in very specific operations.

Vardeny adds: "Industry is starving for more electromagnetic frequencies," yet terahertz frequencies are unexplored. They are too high for electronics and there are technical obstacles in generating, manipulating and detecting terahertz radiation.

Data centers and IT infrastructure for data storage and computing that a company owns or subscribes to for use only by that company.

Nodes in semiconductor manufacturing indicate the features that node production line can create on an integrated circuit, such as interconnect pitch, transistor density, transistor type, and other new technology.

The theoretical speedup when adding processors is always limited by the part of the task that cannot benefit from the improvement.

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What is CMOS in computer

Also known as the Internet of Everything, or IoE, the Internet of Things is a global application where devices can connect to a host of other devices, each either providing data from sensors, or containing actuators that can control some function. Data can be consolidated and processed on mass in the Cloud.

The study was funded as part of a three-year, $250,000 grant from the U.S. Army Research Office and by $100,000 from the Synergy program, operated by the University of Utah's vice president for research to promote interdisciplinary research.

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The spectrum of electromagnetic radiation ranges from short to long wavelengths (or from high to low frequency): gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet rays, visible light (violet, blue, green, yellow, orange and red), infrared rays (including radiant heat), microwaves, FM radio waves, television, short wave and AM radio.

A system on chip (SoC) is the integration of functions necessary to implement an electronic system onto a single substrate and contains at least one processor

A statistical method for determining if a test system is production ready by measuring variation during test for repeatability and reproducibility.