Emerging technologies

In previous entries, we have talked about the design of scanning microscopes, infinity corrected microscopes, confocal microscope design, and Koehler illumination systems-a common illumination system in microscopes. The most essential microscope element in a borescope design is the objective lens.

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Objective lenses for microscopes typically have several components, including the front lens, the rear lens, the aperture, the lens barrel, and the thread. Each component plays an important role in determining the objective’s performance. For example, the aperture determines the resolution and depth of field of the objective lens, while the thread allows the objective to be attached to the microscope.

In conclusion, microscope objective lenses are an essential part of a microscope and are used to magnify the specimen being observed. They consist of several components that work together to produce a clear image, and their magnification can vary depending on the intended use of the microscope.

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Microscope objective lenses are a crucial part of a microscope, responsible for magnifying the specimen being observed. They are used to gather light from the object being observed and focus the light rays to produce a real image. The objective lens is one of the most important parts of a microscope, as it determines the microscope’s basic performance and function [3].

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Advanced technologies present enormous growth potential for Europe. Technologies such as the Internet of Things, industrial data, advanced manufacturing, robotics, 3D printing, blockchain technologies and artificial intelligence offer a range of opportunities that will enable European industry to expand its leadership in the emerging markets for the products and services of the future.

Another specification can be “Plan Fluor” for fluorite and “APO” for apochromatic. Next we have the magnification, numerical aperture, and the immersion medium. As mentioned before, dry objective lenses usually have a NA no larger than 0.95, but that number can be considerably higher in immerse objectives. We next have an infinity symbol, meaning that the lens is infinity corrected.

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Objective lenses can have just a couple of lens elements, (an achromat and simple lens, for example) or multiple groups of elements. Even two microscope objectives with the same magnification can have a completely different design, as shown in Figure 1.

In the previous calculation, I assumed an angle of acceptance of 72-degrees with a reasonable upper limit when working with air (that angle gives us a NA of 0.95). However, by immersing the sample and microscope in oil or another liquid, it is possible to have a larger NA. This affects not only the resolution of our image but also its brightness (the brightness is calculated as the square of its NA).

Where R is the resolution, ? is the light wavelength, n is the refractive index, and θ is the half angle of the acceptance light cone (NA is the numerical angle defined as sin(θ)). For example, a microscope objective that works with visible light, with air surrounding the sample, and an acceptance half-angle cone of 72-degrees, will have a minimum resolution of 256 nm. If we surround the sample in a liquid with a refractive index of 1.5, our resolution will improve to 171 nm.

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There are three design variables that can help us calculate the microscope objective resolution: the system wavelength, the light cone captured by the objective (also known as numerical aperture), and the refractive index between the first lens of the objective and the sample. This can be expressed by the following formula:

In cases where the objective is not meant to be used in infinity corrected microscopes, there will be a number, usually 160) referring to the length of the microscope tube. Some microscope objectives will show the letters “DIN” which stands for “Deutsche Industrial Normen.” that sets a length of 160 mm.

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EU businesses are not taking full advantage of these advanced technologies or the innovative business models offered by the collaborative economy. The state of the uptake of advanced technologies by industry varies across sectors and between EU countries and regions. There are also large disparities between large companies and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). To improve this situation the European Commission is working in the following areas.

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Cities shape the future of the EU. Their development can contribute to objectives that the EU is working towards: social fairness and prosperity, the empowerment of people through digital technologies, and the ‘European Green Deal’. Cities orchestrate the development of vibrant innovation ecosystems by bringing together local resources and mobilising the participation of stakeholders. European Commission initiatives recognise the need for an integrated approach to support local policy makers to understand the application of advanced technologies and the opportunities they provide. Actions such as the '100 Intelligent Cities Challenge' help cities to put technology at the service of citizens and support climate-neutral, sustainable growth.

With over 20 years of experience and 800+ unique optical systems designed, Optics for Hire specializes in advanced optical engineering. If it uses light, we've worked on it.

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The microscope objective will show the manufacturer (not shown in the figure), followed by the type of aberration correction; in our image, we have a “Plan Achromat” which produces a flat surface at the image plane and achromat for the type of chromatic aberration.

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The commonly used optical expressions like the lens equation are approximations which are only valid for light rays close to the optic axis.

The magnification of the objective lens can vary, depending on the intended use of the microscope. For example, objective lenses for biological applications typically range from 4x to 100x, while those used for metallurgical applications can range up to 200x or more [1].

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The simplest designs are usually called ‘achromat objectives’ and contain only a front lens and a couple of achromatic doublets to correct for aberrations. On the other hand, we have Apochromat microscope objectives in which several apochromatic doublets are used, in addition to some achromats for a better image quality. For a better explanation of the difference between achromatic and apochromatic lenses, please read the linked articles.

With over 15 years of experience and 500+ unique optical systems designed, Optics for Hire specializes in advanced optical engineering. If it uses light, we've worked on it.

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Most off the shelf microscope objectives have several body markings to better identify them. Typical markings can be seen in Figure 2.

Apr 2, 2015 — The limit of resolution in light microscopy is approximately 200 nm. Remember that NA= n • sin(θ), where n is the refractive index and θ is half ...