We are building a new two-dimensional electronic spectrometer that has an accuracy of 28 as. This spectrometer uses femtosecond laser pulses in the visible region generated using a noncollinear optical parametric amplifier.

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202291 — Diffraction gratings, either transmissive or reflective, can separate different wavelengths of light using a repetitive structure embedded within the grating.

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When the blade sweeps through the angle θ , the rise or fall time of the S-curve is proportional to the size of the beam along the direction of the blade's travel (Figure 2). A point on the blade located a distance R  from the center of the wheel sweeps through an arc length (Rθ ) that is approximately equal to the size of the beam along this direction.

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A chopper wheel, photodetector, and oscilloscope can provide an approximate measurement of the beam size (Figure 1). As the rotating chopper wheel's blade passes through the beam, an S-shaped trace is displayed on the oscilloscope.

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Gaussianlaser beam diameter

Another system of interest is molecules that undergo singlet fission. Our work aims to understand the mechanism of singlet fission by controlling the intermolecular distance and orientation of the pair of molecules that are involved in singlet fission.

We use femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy to elucidate the mechanism of singlet fission. In particular, we develop novel methods of controlling the intermolecular distance and orientation of the pair of molecules involved in singlet fission.

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We use surface functionalization to enable colloidal stability and potential for bioconjugation of conjugated-polymer nanoparticles.  We are characterising these materials to understand their luminescence efficiencies, cytotoxicity and internalisation by cells.

Figure 3: Rise time (tr ) of the intensity signal is typically measured between the 10% and 90% points on the curve. The rise time depends on the wheel's rotation rate and the beam diameter.

Camera and scanning-slit beam profilers are tools for characterizing beam size and shape, but these instruments cannot provide an accurate measurement if the beam size is too small or the wavelength is outside of the operating range.

We use aqueous dispersions of conjugated polymers (conjugated polymer nanoparticles) to fabricate organic light-emitting diodes. Characterisation of these diodes in order to understand their electroluminescence efficiencies, and modelling of the underlying exciton annihilation processes, are under way.

includes a factor of 1.56, which accounts for the portion of the beam measured between the 10% and 90% intensity points being smaller than the 1/e2 beam diameter.

Figure 2: The blade traces an arc length of Rθ through the center of the beam and has a angular rotation rate of f. The chopper wheel shown is MC1F2.

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The high-energy excited states of conjugated polymers are associated with the photovoltaic properties of these materials. We use pump-push-probe spectroscopy to investigate the crossing between these high-energy states with the charge-transfer state to further understand the charge separation process of conjugated polymer materials.

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Our system of interest is the highly fluorescent conjugated polymer nanostructures. We currently focus on using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence upconversion spectroscopy to understand the effect of the shape of the nanostructure on the energy and charge transfer processes in these structures. Because conjugated polymers are used as organic solar cell materials, a good understanding of these processes will lead to strategies for improving the efficiency of organic solar cells.

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The Laboratory for Femtosecond Spectroscopy uses a variety of techniques to conduct cutting-edge experiments to answer key questions in chemistry and photo-physics.

We use steady state and time-resolved spectroscopic techniques to investigate the molecular processes in two significant systems.

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In the near future, we will use our two-dimensional electronic spectrometer to study coherent processes in synthetic light-harvesting systems including conjugated polymers and gold nanorods.

Figure 1: An approximate measurement of beam size can be found using the illustrated setup. As the blade of the chopper wheel passes through the beam, an S-curve is traced out on the oscilloscope.

To make this beam size measurement, the combined response of the detector and oscilloscope should be much faster than the signal's rate of change.

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Mach-Zehnder interferometers are simple interferometric instruments that measure the relative phase shift between two collimated light beams.

Example: S-Curve with Rising EdgeThe angle (θ = ftr ) subtended by the beam depends on the signal's rise time (Figure 3) and the wheel's rotation rate (f ), whose units are Hz or revolutions/s. The arc length (Rθ = R ⋅ ftr ) through the beam can be calculated using this angle. For a small Gaussian-shaped beam, a first approximation of the 1/e2 beam diameter (D ),

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