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Your eye doctor can also use a keratometer to measure the axis or the curvature of the cornea, although a corneal topographer is becoming increasingly popular to map and detail your cornea.

They may also measure how well light focuses on your retina by using an autorefractor. This device shines light into your eye and when the light bounces off the back of your eye it records any distortions in the return image to calculate the proper correction needed.

Below, we explain what causes astigmatism, how your eye doctor can test for it, and the three ways in which it can be treated.

It’s not clear how anyone would be able to ban Reflectacles—they’re really just sunglasses, after all. The FDA already requires Category 3 sunglass lenses (the standard dark lenses) to block light with wavelengths smaller than 400 nm, which is about the borderline on the spectrum between visible and ultraviolet light. Reflectacles are doing a similar thing, just on the other side of the line, something that hasn’t been regulated. To do so, there would need to be a definitive distinction made between a traditional (and acceptable) sunglass lens and one that prevents biometric data from being collected.

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Imagine seeing the world like you are viewing it through an out-of-focus camera. That is what people with astigmatism see. This common refractive error — when the shape of your eye prevents light from focusing correctly on your retina — occurs in 33% of Americans, both young and old.

Although unrelated, people who have astigmatism and cataracts can receive corrective surgery to treat both conditions. In a typical cataract surgery, an eye surgeon removes the cloudy lens caused by cataracts and replaces it with a clear, artificial intraocular lens (IOL). However, people who also have astigmatism can receive premium lens implants to correct it.

In a normal eye, the meridians focus light at a single point on the retina. When you have astigmatism, the eye cannot focus light on a single point and instead creates two focal points.

Although astigmatism is common, eye doctors are unsure why cornea or lens shape varies by person. However, they do know it tends to be related to our genetics, so you are more likely to inherit it if it runs in your family. Astigmatism can also be acquired after an eye injury, disease, or surgery.

Regular astigmatism is when the two principal meridians are 90 degrees apart, with one meridian being steeper than the other. This type of astigmatism is most common and can be corrected by glasses, contact lenses, or laser surgery.

You can also have astigmatism combined with other refractive errors. Each of the five types is defined by the location of where the cornea focuses light on the retina, also known as the focal point.

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Contact lenses are one of the most common ways to correct refractive errors. However, many people are unaware how to safely and effectively wear and care for their lenses. Ensuring proper contact lens hygiene and safe handling practices is essential for maintaining...

This type of astigmatism is typically caused by disease, such as keratoconus (gradual thinning of the cornea), corneal degeneration, corneal scarring, or ocular surface disease.

Cylinder is one of three measurements included in a prescription. The other two are “axis” and “sphere”. Measuring the axis helps identify an astigmatism by determining where on the cornea it is located. Your reading will be between 0 and 180 degrees, with the 90-degree axis running vertically across the eye and the 180-degree axis running horizontally across the eye.

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Urban is the creator of Reflectacles, which look like regular sunglasses but are designed to protect the wearer’s identity from prying digital eyes. The glasses address a primary problem of anti-surveillance “wearables”—that they often look odd or unattractive (like these T-shirts that render the wearer invisible to artificial intelligence surveillance technologies) and can themselves draw unwanted attention.

Though the glasses look like regular eyewear IRL, they don’t on camera. For instance, the owner of Urban’s local bar told Urban that his head became a “halo of light” on the bar’s video feeds and asked that he stop wearing them when inside. Urban complied because he’d rather not get into a fight (he’s already been thrown out several times for other misdeeds). However, when asked whether people would be banned if they went in wearing Reflectacles, the owner couldn’t give a definitive answer.

Astigmatism is measured in diopters, a unit of measurement of the refractive power of a lens. On a prescription, your eye doctor lists this measurement under “cylinder.” Typically, most people have an astigmatism between 0.5 and 0.75 diopters. A measurement of more than 1.5 diopters usually requires contacts or glasses to correct the astigmatism.

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If you think of a normal, healthy eye as a basketball, then an astigmatism is like having an eye the shape of a football. The front surface of the eye, known as the cornea, is not curved equally in all directions, which affects how light rays bend and the clarity of your vision.

For reference, myopic is another term for nearsightedness — when objects farther away are blurry — and hyperopic is another term of farsightedness — when objects close to you are blurry.

There are two types of astigmatism — regular or irregular — classified by their meridians, or sections of the eye formed by imaginary lines drawn over the eye that intersect at the pupil. There are also several other types of astigmatism you can develop with a refractive error that we’ll explore below.

When there is a distortion of the cornea that affects vision, this is called a corneal astigmatism. It is the most common type of astigmatism. A lenticular astigmatism is a distortion of the lens.  Trauma is often a cause of lenticular astigmatism.

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In a normal eye, a smooth cornea (the outside surface of the eye) and lens (the clear part of the eye behind the colored iris) help focus light rays onto your retina (the thin layer of light-sensitive tissue that lines the back of the eye) to allow for clear vision. However, astigmatism causes light to focus on different parts of the eye. This results in a person seeing fuzzy or blurry images. It can also cause you to see halos, glare, or streaking around objects.

A healthy eye has a spherical cornea or lens, meaning the curves are the same. However, an eye with astigmatism has a steep curve and a flat curve, also known as the two principal meridians. To visualize this, imagine the eye is a clock with a line running vertically from 12 o’clock to six o’clock (the 90-degree axis) and another line running horizontally from three o’clock to nine o’clock (the 180-degree axis).

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Reflectacles come with either light or dark IR lenses. They range from $48 to $188, depending on the model, and prescription lenses can also be ordered.

Urban’s initial Kickstarter campaign featured two models of sunglasses. The more basic model, the IR-Pair, has lenses that block infrared radiation, making the wearer’s eyes unreadable to infrared cameras and facial recognition technologies that convert infrared data, or heat signatures, into electronic images. (It’s now available in two shades of tortoiseshell as well as in black.)

Finally, the sphere reading on your prescription includes either a plus sign to indicate farsightedness or a negative sign to indicate nearsightedness. A higher number requires a stronger prescription.

One of the most common ways to fix an astigmatism, glasses contain a cylindrical lens that compensates for the uneven curves in your cornea or lens. People with a severe astigmatism may be better suited for glasses instead of contacts.

Laser surgery reshapes the cornea to correct your refractive error. There are two surgical options: LASIK and photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). The main difference between LASIK and PRK is how eye surgeons access the cornea.

Urban began designing eyewear in 2005, handcrafting custom frames out of wood. After a decade he was ready to move on. “It came down to time, mostly,” he says. He was also getting interested in the idea of making glasses that would confuse surveillance cameras.

Whereas regular astigmatism occurs when the two principal medians are always at right angles, irregular astigmatism occurs when the two principal medians are not symmetric. In other words, the curvature is uneven, and this makes it harder to correct than regular astigmatism.

Regular astigmatism can also be classified as “with-the-rule” or “against-the-rule” to describe its shape. In with-the-rule astigmatism, your cornea is shaped like a football lying on the ground with the steepest curves running vertically. This type of astigmatism is most common in younger people. With against-the-rule astigmatism, your cornea is shaped like a football on a tee with the steepest curves running horizontally. This type of astigmatism is more common in older adults.

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The other model, the Phantom, features the same IR lenses but also has a layer of reflective material applied to its frame. These reflect available infrared light back at technologies using infrared for mapping or illumination, distorting the heat signature of the wearer’s face. The Phantom remains innocuous-looking because its frame isn’t obviously reflective. Visible light can’t penetrate its outer infrared-permeable layer to reach the reflective layer underneath, so to human eyes the Phantom looks like an ordinary pair of black-framed sunglasses.

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A comprehensive eye exam is the most accurate way to test for astigmatism. Your eye doctor can use a number of devices to test visual acuity and the curvature of your cornea.

These days, many of us are more careful than we used to be about protecting our online privacy: refusing to allow tracking cookies, browsing in private mode or with a VPN, locking down our social media accounts (or deleting them altogether). Fewer of us are taking steps to counter how we are surveilled in real life, but Scott Urban is one of them. (He asked to be interviewed via email—specifically, via ProtonMail, the email service of choice for the security-focused—rather than by phone or video conferencing, so he couldn’t be recorded.)

A phoropter, an instrument with lenses and dials to test refractive errors, helps determine which type of lens correction you need. Your eye doctor will place lenses with varying strengths in front of your eyes while you view a Snellen Chart.

A later—and splashier—model called the Ghost, on the other hand, reflects both visible and infrared light, maintaining the wearer’s privacy in flash photos or videos. Urban now also offers clip-on and wraparound versions of the Phantom, as well as the IR-Shield, a pair of frameless goggles with IR-blocking lenses. This is the model Urban wears himself.

Like glasses, contacts can offer astigmatism correction, except they sit directly on your eye. There are several types of lenses available to correct astigmatism, including soft lenses, gas permeable contact lenses, and hybrid lenses.

Urban has registered Reflectacles with the FDA, which currently classifies sunglasses and other spectacles as medical devices; this means people don’t have to take them off when requested to do so. Urban notes that wearers tend to remove them at airport security anyway because it’s just easier to follow authority. “It’s sad,” he says, “but that is the reality.”

He doesn’t view Reflectacles as being some sort of radical protest against government or big tech. “We have already signed the rights to our privacy away,” he says.