Sheet glass has the lowest cost and greatest thermal expansion, Zerodur is expensive, but its thermal expansion is very low. Pyrex, a registered trademark of the US company Corning, is a tempered borosilicate glass. LK5 is the Russian equivalent and is distinguished by its thinner construction. Zerodur, a registered trademark of Schott, is a non-porous mineral lithium-aluminosilica glass-ceramic.

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Germanium lenses (Ge lenses) are often incorporated into IR imaging systems operating from   2µm to 16 µm, covering the LWIR (8-12μm) and MWIR (3-5μm) spectral range with their broad transmission to the IR radiations and opacity to the UV and VIS wavelengths. Ge lens has the highest refractive index of common IR transmitters, which implies great light collection and bending strength. Ge lens exhibits slight chromatic aberration due to low optical dispersion, meaning minimal distortion and spreading of light, ensuring authentic transmission of the optical signals. Germanium has a Knoop Hardness of 780, this trait contributes to the rugged nature of Germanium Lenses. Germanium can be Diamond or DLC coated to be utilized as the front optics in the lens group with surpassing toughness to withstand demanding environments. Caution should be taken for high-temperature conditions where the Ge will become opaque to IR wavelengths as the temperature rises. In addition, its relatively high density should be considered where weight is an issue.

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The optical transmission rate of Germanium is over 45% between 2-14μm at temperatures up to 45⁰C, with optimal transmission spectrum residing between 2-12μm, and after the anti-reflection coating process, average transmission could be leveraged to above 95%. However, the transmission of Ge lenses starts to degrade at 100⁰C, then plummets above 200⁰C. Exposure to higher temperatures can lead to catastrophic failure in the material so Germanium is unsuitable for use in high-temperature conditions.

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Plano-convex Germanium Lenses have a positive focal length and are designed for light collimation and focusing. Plano-concave Ge Lenses are for expanding collimated lights or diverging light and could be incorporated into beam expanders. Double Convex and Double Concave Ge Lenses have two convex or concave planes. Meniscus Ge Lenses have one concave front and one convex front and are excellent for reducing spherical aberrations. Aspheric Ge Lenses have a more complex profile and the advantage of eliminating spherical aberrations, therefore a single aspheric lens can substitute multiple spherical lenses with the exemption of using lenses to correct spherical aberration. Hangzhou Shalom EO fabricates aspherical Ge lenses using the SPDT (Single Point Diamond Turning) technique, which is a manufacturing process in which a computer-controlled lathe uses a diamond tip to directly cut the desired profile.

In around 1672 Sir Isaac Newton developed the Newtonian telescope, convinced that the chromatic aberrations of refractors could not be completely corrected. He used polished metal mirrors, whose rough surface finish led to a fairly low-contrast image. 100 years later, Sir William Herschel was still experimenting with rapidly tarnishing metre-wide metal mirrors. It was only around 1880 that the production of precision silver-coated glass mirror substrate was mastered. The separation of mirror substrate and reflecting surface became standard practice.

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A 610nm longpass filter is an optical filter that transmits light with wavelengths greater than 610nm while blocking shorter wavelengths.

The mirror layer of the average reflecting telescope is around 90% reflective. However, there are also expensive primary mirrors that are 96-98% reflective. This difference is not critical: a reflectance of 91% for both the primary and secondary mirrors would mean a theoretical loss of around magnitude 0.2 compared to a reflectance of 99% for both mirrors. This "improvement" is barely detectable visually. The often-quoted surface accuracy of primary mirrors can, at most, be used to compare products from a single manufacturer, since the testing methods vary widely from one manufacturer to another.

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Regardless of the shape of the mirror, in order to ensure that the quality meets the requirements for astronomical observation, the surface must not deviate by more than 0.05 microns from the ideal spherical or parabolic shape. A micron is one thousandth of a millimetre, so the tolerance is only around 1/10 of the wavelength of visible light!

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Today, modern glass and glass ceramic varieties are used alongside sheet glass as the substrate for reflector telescope mirrors. The reflective coating is applied by vacuum-deposition with aluminium. There are two different forms: spherical mirrors and aspherical parabolic mirrors. Spherical mirrors are easy to produce, but at aperture ratios below f/7 they deliver blurred and low-contrast images due to spherical aberration. A parabolic mirror, the production of which is much more complicated, does not exhibit any image defects and is essential for compact, fast, reflecting telescopes.

The cooling times differ only slightly and depend on the thickness of the substrate material: the thinner the substrate, the shorter the cooling time. If the temperature changes during the night, you again have an advantage with a Pyrex mirror. This is especially true for larger telescopes, as here it is especially important that the material has as little sensitivity to temperature as possible.

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Once the mirror substrate has the desired form, a reflective layer of aluminium is vapour-deposited under high vacuum. Since aluminium gradually corrodes in the air, a protective layer of quartz is usually applied to the reflective surface. This makes the primary mirror more robust and resistant to ageing.

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Hangzhou Shalom EO suppliers a series of custom Germanium Lenses including plano-convex, Plano-concave, double convex, double concave, and meniscus Ge lenses, with spherical and aspherical lens surfaces. Due to the large refractive index of Ge, AR coatings are needed to enhance its transmission. Coating Options encompass Anti-reflection (AR), Broad Band AR (BBAR), and Diamond (DLC) coatings. The shapes, dimensions (diameters, up to 300mm), and coatings could all be tailored upon request. Besides the conventional spherical surface lenses, Hangzhou Shalom EO also provides aspherical surface lenses made by the SPDT (Single Point Diamond Turning) technique.

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Different materials are used as mirror substrate which, for practical purposes, differ mainly due to their varying thermal expansion properties:

In principle, the quality of the image can be as good with a mirror substrate made of cheap sheet glass as with expensive Zerodur. BK7 or Pyrex are usually used for mass production, with Pyrex scoring well due to its 50% lower thermal expansion. In practice, a Pyrex primary mirror provides a better image during the cooling phase, allowing you to access your telescope’s full performance more quickly. A further advantage of Pyrex is its hardness; the material can be ground particularly precisely.

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Figure 1 is a sketch of a spherical singlet lens with a spherical surface which produces negative spherical aberration. The spherical aberration causes that the ...