Numerical Aperture and F-Number - numerical aperture of lens

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On an upright microscope, the condenser is found beneath the stage (often referred to as a ‘sub-stage condenser’) and on an inverted configuration, it is found above the stage and the specimen. The condenser serves to focus the light waves from the light source to provide an even illumination and intensity across a specimen view. An integral part of the condenser is the aperture diaphragm and adjustments to the diaphragm, as well as varying the vertical position of the condenser, serve to change the contrast, depth-of-field and resolution of the image.

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If you need contrast, your exam will probably take longer than if you weren’t having contrast. For example, it could add four hours of prep time to a five-minute CT scan or make a thirty-minute MRI last two hours. This is because of the time it takes to administer the contrast and for it to start working. Although it takes longer, the clearer images it provides for your doctor are worth the wait.

If your doctor has ordered you to have a medical imaging exam, you may have a test that uses contrast dye. Contrast dye (also called medical imaging contrast, or contrast agent) is a substance radiologists use that acts like a dye. But receiving contrast dye isn’t like going to the hairstylist—it won’t change the color of your organs and bones!

Contrast dye works by using substances that interfere with how the medical imaging equipment takes your images. For example, the contrast used in an X-ray or CT exam is made of a substance that will block or limit radiation in certain parts of your body. This changes how the tissues that contain the medical imaging contrast appear on your images.

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In 1870, Abbe invented the ‘Abbe Condenser’ which is still the most widely used design in light microscopy. This type of condenser consists of two or three lenses along with an associated diaphragm to control the amount of light with which the specimen is illuminated. The uppermost lens (on a three lens substage Abbe condenser) can be flipped into the light path which ensures that the light completely fills the field of view when using higher power objectives.

In rare cases, people have allergic reactions to contrast materials. It is crucial that you communicate well with your doctor. Tell them about any allergies, recent illnesses, or medications you have. If you have a known contrast allergy—or are at risk—the hospital staff will take every precaution to protect you from a negative reaction.

Contrast distinguishes, or “contrasts,” between organs, tissues, bones, or blood vessels during your imaging exam. It doesn’t change any of these things, but it changes how your X-ray, CT, or MRI scan sees them.

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Robert Hooke (1635-1703) was an English scientist and natural philosopher. His interests and knowledge spanned many disciplines, from microscopy and palaeontology to the theory of gravity. In 1665, he published his book entitled ‘Micrographia’ which was to be a significant work in the field of microscopy and biology 1. Hooke was credited as being the first person to use the word ‘cell’ within the book. The microscope which Hooke used for his observations had a simple external condenser which consisted of a large globe filled with salt water and a plano-convex lens to focus the light on his specimens.

Ernst Karl Abbe (1840-1905) was a German mathematician and physicist who not only co-founded Schott Glassworks in 1884, but also co-founded the Zeiss Optical Works with Carl Zeiss in 1866. Abbe was also the first person to define and describe numerical aperture (NA).

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To learn more about two common procedures that use contrast materials, take a look at our article on MRI vs. CT. If you’re interested in getting a screening done at the UVA Health System, call 1.434.243.0321 to set up a consultation today.

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Light passing through a single slit is diffracted in all directions and may interfere constructively or destructively, depending on the angle.

Contrast can be swallowed as a drink or injected into a vein. The kind of exam you are receiving will determine what kind of contrast you’ll need. It will also determine how it needs to be administered (orally or intravenously). Your body will naturally absorb or eliminate the contrast materials after your exam.

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A simple two lens Abbe condenser has no optical corrections. An ‘aplanatic’ condenser is corrected for spherical aberration and may typically have a potential NA of up to 1.4. Achromatic condensers are corrected for chromatic aberration which brings the blue and red wavelength light to approximately the same focal point as the green wavelength. The highest level of correction is found in the aplanatic-achromatic condensers which are corrected for both spherical and chromatic aberrations.

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Contrast is important because it helps radiologists distinguish between normal and abnormal conditions. This helps them to see what’s going on inside of you better. In turn, this allows them to make a more accurate diagnosis, and recommend the best treatment for your specific case. In cases where it is needed, contrast ultimately leads to better care.

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What is contrastin photography

Depth of focus is a lens optics concept that measures the tolerance of placement of the image plane in relation to the lens. In a camera, depth of focus ...

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Similarly, contrasts used in magnetic-powered exams like MRIs and ultrasounds alter the way magnetic fields interact with the parts of the body containing contrast. So, contrast doesn’t alter anything inside of you, it only alters the way medical imaging equipment sees the inside of you.

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The two main optical components of the microscope which are adjusted and changed whilst in use are the objectives and the eyepieces. However, the other optical component which is sometimes overlooked, especially by beginners unaware of Koehler Illumination, is the microscope condenser.

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As with the objectives, condensers are classified depending on their optical correction. Briefly, there are two types of aberrations for which condensers are corrected; spherical and chromatic (see above). Spherical aberrations occurs when light is focussed through a curved lens and the resulting light rays are spread along the optical axis instead of coming together at one focal point.

You might need contrast when you are having an X-ray, CT, MRI, or ultrasound exam. It can be an iodine-based material, barium-sulfate, gadolinium, or saline and air mixture that can be swallowed or injected intravenously.

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Contrast dye—sometimes referred to as medical imaging contrast, contrast materials or contrast agent—is a substance that radiologists use to see your organs and tissues more clearly in your medical images. It’s kind of like a dye in the way that it temporarily changes how your insides appear on a medical image, but it won’t change the color of anything and it won’t hurt you.

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The modern achromatic objective lenses were developed in the 18th Century and such lenses corrected for chromatic aberration. When white light passes through a convex lens, it is split into its component wavelengths. The corrected (achromatic) lenses bring the red and blue wavelengths to approximately the same focal point as the green wavelength light. With such developments, it became apparent that there was a consequent need for an equal improvement in terms of condensers.

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Not only does the iris diaphragm control the light intensity, but adjusting this also determines the NA and size of the light cone from the condenser. Condensers have a mechanism similar to the focus wheels of a microscope which controls the vertical height of the condenser body. To realise the full optical potential and NA of the condenser and objectives, the condenser must be adjusted to the correct height for each objective used (see the above link to the article on Koehler Illumination). Whilst the Abbe condenser is adequate for most brightfield applications, its limitations come when using high magnification objectives as the maximum NA of a low-end Abbe condenser is around 0.6. It should be noted that to achieve an NA of greater than 0.95 requires the use of immersion oil between the top lens of the condenser and the underside of the specimen slide (conversely, ‘dry’ condensers have an NA of less than 0.95). Ideally, the condenser should have an NA which is equal to that of the highest power objective on the microscope.

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Rarely, patients face mild side effects from medical imaging contrast like nausea and diarrhea. But most people do not react at all. If you’re receiving contrast dyes for your medical imaging exam, be sure to drink plenty of water afterwards. Your body will expel the contrast naturally.

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The first achromatic condenser was developed in 1837 by the French biologist Felix Dujardin (1801-1860) 2. However, improvements were subsequently made in the 1840’s by three prominent microscope makers; Andrew Ross, Hugh Powell and James Smith 2. In 1841, the Microscopical Society commissioned Hugh Powell to make a microscope for them and this particular one was fitted with an achromatic condenser which is thought to be the first ever to be produced in England 2. In contrast, the use of the condenser was not widespread in other European countries until 1870.

by G GBUR · 2001 · Cited by 50 — Rayleigh distance or Rayleigh range. The concept originated in the work of Lord. Rayleigh towards the end of the 19th century, concerning images formed without.

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In conclusion, the condenser plays a critical role in achieving the optimum resolution and highest potential NA from a microscope, therefore it is good practice to learn the correct set up for Koehler Illumination and not to overlook the importance of these optics!