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The Cornell deep-ultraviolet laser is optically pumped, meaning it produces certain requirements for lasing by inputting photons into the device. The next step in the research, according to Jena, is using the same materials platform to realize a laser that is driven by an electrical current from a battery – a more practical energy source for commercially available light-emitting devices.

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These ND filters attenuate by absorption (and Fresnel reflection, the constant reflection from the air-glass interfaces). The absorption is iconic in anature so this type of density filter follows the Beer and Bouguer"s Laws.

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“Deep-ultraviolet lasers arguably are the final frontier in semiconductor materials and devices with immense long-term payoffs,” said Jena, the David E. Burr Professor of Engineering and the Richard E. Lunquist Sesquicentennial Faculty Fellow. “Yet it is also the kind of problem that a young graduate student can get into and make an immediate impact.”

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Neutral density (ND) filters are used to equally attenuate the intensity of a light beam over a wide wavelength range. ND filters range from colorless to gray in appearance. Metallic neutral density filters provide a relatively consistent degree of attenuation over a wide spectral band. We offer a variety of catalog ND filters for UV/VIS applications including absorptive, metallic on glass or fused-silica, and variable linear or circular, as well as filters for infrared applications.

Neutral Density filters can be stacked in series to produce higher densities. The total optical density is the sum of the individual densities. The total transmittance of a stack of neutral density filters is the product of the transmittance of each filter.

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Solid glass absorptive ND filters are relatively neutral in the 400 to 700 nm range. They are usable from 350 nm to 2500 nm, but the transmittance is different from that expected from the density value. Since most of the incident energy is absorbed, there filters produce fewer problems from multiple reflected beams comparing to the metallic type, but they are intended only for use with lower power sources.

When it comes to ultraviolet light, two important qualities are frequency – certain frequencies are best for destroying viruses or sensing molecules – and linewidth, a measure of the laser’s precision. Scientists and engineers seek sources of higher quality, more efficient ultraviolet light emission, but it’s challenging to work with the semiconductor materials that can enable this.

The paper’s co-authors include doctoral student Ryan Page and research associates Vladimir Protasenko and Kazuki Nomoto. The research was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy and was supported by user facilities funded by the National Science Foundation.

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The second challenge was to create an optical cavity from the stacked layers that could be used to trap the emitted light and promote stimulated emission, which is necessary for the laser. The cavity was created in the form of a small, micron-scale resonator on an aluminum nitride chip that van Deurzen was able to develop with the help of the Cornell NanoScale Science and Technology Facility.

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“We need multiple aluminum gallium nitride layers stacked on top of each other and one important parameter is the interface quality between those layers,” van Deurzen said. “We can grow very sharp interfaces without the impurities and dislocations that form with other growth techniques.”

NOTE: Do not place ND filters in series with their surfaces parallel. Parallel surfaces may cause multiple internal surface reflections which can combine to cause an increase in transmittance; this is especially true of the metallic type filters.

It was a challenge van Deurzen accepted during the COVID-19 pandemic when the market began to boom for ultraviolet LEDs and other tools capable of detecting and eliminating the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

Once completed, the laser was able to achieve peak gain at a wavelength of 284 nanometers and modal linewidths on the order of 0.1 nanometers. The linewidth is an order of magnitude more precise than similar devices and demonstrates the growth method’s applicability towards improved ultraviolet light emitters.

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Under the guidance of the paper’s senior authors, Debdeep Jena and Huili Grace Xing, both professors of materials science and engineering and of electrical and computer engineering, the team used molecular beam epitaxy, a crystal growth technique, to grow a high-quality crystal of aluminum nitride.

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A paper published March 11 in the journal AIP Advances details how Cornell scientists produced an aluminum gallium nitride-based device capable of emitting a deep-ultraviolet laser at sought-after wavelengths and modal linewidths.

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“I wanted a research project that could have impact,” van Deurzen said, “and the pandemic really amplified the need for improved ultraviolet devices.”

Optical Density (OD) is defined as the logarithm to the base ten of the ratio of the power of the incident beam to that of the exiting beam. The optical density can be convert to transmittance using the following equations:

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The metallic ND filters use a thin coating of inconel on a glass or fused silica substrate. The inconel material contains a number of different elements such as nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), and iron (Fe). Careful control of the alloy composition and vacuum deposition produces coatings which are spectral neutral over a wide wavelength range. The metallic ND filters are generally more neutral comparing to the absorptive type of ND filters. UV Fused silica substrate are useful in the ultraviolet spectrum, while the cost effective B 270 optical glass substrate provides excellent performance in the visible and Near-IR spectrum range. Always use these filters with the reflective side facing the radiation source. The metallic ND filters withstand higher power and thermal shock better comparing to the absorptive type. These filters are spectrally neutral beyond 2 µm.

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“It is known that this is a material that is suitable, but it was a materials synthesis problem,” said Len van Deurzen, a doctoral student in applied and engineering physics who led the research. “The challenge is making the materials pure enough that they're actually going to be useful and sustain the requirements of a laser.”

Cornell engineers have created a deep-ultraviolet laser using semiconductor materials that show great promise for improving the use of ultraviolet light for sterilizing medical tools, purifying water, sensing hazardous gases and enabling precision photolithography, among other applications.

Shop and browse all of our standard Neutral Density Filter models, or select a product series below for more information on our products and capabilities.

“It is a real privilege to be able to grow the materials and produce the chip at two state-of-the-art facilities located in the same building,” said van Deurzen, referring to Duffield Hall. “You just go from the third floor to the basement.”