The lens's geometry is characterized by its spherical shape, with a center thickness of 0.5 mm. The inner radius is 0, while the outer radius is also 0, indicating a plano surface on one side and a concave surface on the other. The curvature of the concave surface is defined by a radius of -0.5168 mm.

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If a mineral has cleavage, determining if it has parallel or inclined extinction can be useful to distinguish it from similar minerals.  Under cross polarized light, a mineral with parallel extinction will go extinct (dark) when the cleavage direction is parallel to the north-south and east-west directions as the stage is rotated.  A mineral with inclined extinction will go extinct with the cleavage at an angle to these directions as the stage is rotated.  The cross hairs on the ocular should be used as a guide for this measurement.

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Earth Optics Videos (Nov 27, 2015). Earth Optics Video 2: Cross Polarized Light. CC-BY license. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OB7UbgiDGW0

Figure 2.7.9. Quartz exhibiting undulatory extinction under cross polarized light 100x total magnification. Cranberry Gneiss, near Galax, VA.

Isotropic minerals have crystal structures which have the same structure in every direction.  They belong to the isometric crystal system.  All other minerals are anisotropic, meaning their crystal structures vary with direction.  These are minerals belong to the hexagonal, tetragonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic, and triclinic crystal systems. (See Section 2.8 Interference Figures and Crystal Symmetry for a chart of the crystal systems).  The table below summarizes characteristics of opaque, isotropic, and anisotropic minerals.

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The L-MPC005 is made from the high-quality material n-BK7 Schott, a borosilicate crown glass known for its excellent optical properties, including a high Abbe number and low dispersion. This makes it suitable for a wide range of applications, particularly where high image quality and color correction are essential.

There are many other textures and features that may be revealed under cross polarized light which are not visible or not obvious under plane polarized light.  These can include twinning (Figure 2.7.7), zoning due to compositional changes during crystal growth (Figure 2.7.8), undulatory extinction (Figure 2.7.9) or other deformation textures, and exsolution lamellae (Figure 2.7.10) in which one mineral separates into two minerals, producing a striped effect.

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This lens is ideal for use in micro-optics applications, where compactness and precision are crucial. It can be used in various fields, including medical devices, beam shaping, and optical fiber coupling.

Please note that the lens's specifications are optimized for a wavelength of 587.6 nm. If your application uses a different wavelength, the lens's performance may vary. Always consult the vendor or a qualified optical engineer to ensure the lens meets your specific requirements.

2.7 Properties Under Cross Polarized Light Copyright © by Elizabeth A. Johnson; Juhong Christie Liu; and Mark Peale is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

The physical property called birefringence (δn, or nγ – nα) is plotted along diagonal lines across the diagram.  The value of birefringence for each diagonal line is listed at the top and right sides of the diagram.  Minerals are listed across the top and right side of the diagram next to their birefringence value.

MO × q (from Equation 2) is the total magnification before the eyepiece due to the objective, zoom, and any other tube lens before the eyepieces. The OF for a ...

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Figure 2.7.5 is the Michel-Levy Interference Color Chart.  To better view the text and labels on the full-sized image, click on this link to the original file on Wikipedia. This diagram displays the interference colors in the chart, with verbal descriptions of first-, second-, and third-order colors below the x-axis.  The y-axis on the left side of the diagram is thickness of the mineral (or thin section) in micrometers.

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This video gives an overview of some of the important properties of minerals in cross polarized light.  These properties, plus a few others, are explored in more detail in the sections below.

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In this section, we explore properties that can be observed for minerals under cross polarized light, when both the lower polarizer and the analyzer (top polarizer) are inserted into the polarizing light microscope.

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The slice of rock on a standard thick section is about 30 micrometers thick.  To determine birefringence, use these steps:

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Figure 2.7.1. Explanations of isotropic versus anisotropic minerals, interference colors, birefringence, and retardation.  Earth Optics Videos, CC-BY.

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The color of a mineral under cross-polarized light is called its interference color.  Interference colors categorized by first, second, third, and fourth-order colors are shown in Figure 2.7.5.

The lens is uncoated, meaning it does not have any additional layers to enhance its optical properties or protect it from environmental factors. However, uncoated lenses can offer superior light transmission and are often more cost-effective.

The diffraction limit is the fundamental resolution limit of an optical system, dictated by the wave nature of light and diffraction. When light passes ...

Digital holography optically generates a hologram, which is then recorded on a CCD camera, and an image is reconstructed using digital techniques.

The L-MPC005 is a plano-concave lens with a diameter of 1 mm, sourced from the renowned optical component vendor, Ross Optical. This lens is specifically designed for applications that require a negative focal length, with an effective focal length (EFL) of -1 mm.

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