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Political diversity is natural, and polarization is not all bad. The two main political parties in the United States are now more distinct than in previous decades, which gives voters more meaningful choices. 11

A precision-polished axicon can also be used for generating an approximation of a Bessel beam – a kind of non-diffracting beam – from an ordinary input laser beam, typically a Gaussian beam. This works for the above-mentioned overlap region. In that region, one obtains an annular intensity profile, as shown in Figure 2, which is based on numerical beam propagation. Figure 3 shows that for over a range of distances, the beam intensity pattern stays quite similar, just as if there were no diffraction. Later on, however, the optical energy spreads out more and more.

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However, as political parties move further toward the poles and people increasingly distrust members of the other political party, it has become difficult for politicians to agree on a way forward. Congress is more likely to be limited by partisan gridlock and have difficulty passing legislation, while campaigns and partisan media can become more divisive.

These increasingly deep divides between the political parties in the US are widespread. Sixty-two percent of Republicans and 54% of Democrats had a very unfavorable view of the other party in 2022, which is a higher percentage than it was just five years before. 7

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Workshop of Photonics has circular gratings, also known as flat axicons, are space-variant retarder plates that can transform Gaussian beams into Bessel–Gauss beams.

For some applications, one requires a ring-shaped pattern as obtained in a sufficiently large distance after an axicon illuminated with parallel light.

Figure 1 shows a ray tracing simulation for an axicon with parallel incident light. For monochromatic light, for example, one of course obtains interference effects, creating a ring structure, in the region where the different contributions of reflected light overlap.

Ask Yourself:  How do you think polarization might influence the way Americans respond to current issues? How do you think polarization might influence how Americans are able to talk with each other about issues that matter?

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Polarization is complex, and scholars are still debating the exact factors that contribute to it. This section highlights four of the many factors that are likely contributing to the rise in polarization.

CANUNDA-AXICON by Cailabs is a reflective axicon that generates a high-quality Bessel beam. Its design offers far superior beam properties compared to classical refractive design: no oscillation, closer to the theoretical profile.

Politics are complicated, and it is hard to reduce policies to a simple left–right spectrum. The US political parties typically disagree on how much the federal government should regulate the economy, how much power should be given to the federal versus state governments, and how much of a social safety net the government should provide. In general, the left is associated with socially liberal policies and economic policies that create a greater social safety net, while the right is associated with socially conservative policies and less regulation of the economy.

Axicons are also used in various other applications, for example in the context of laser material processing, atom traps and optical tweezers, optical coherence tomography, for medical instruments in eye surgery, or as parts of certain beam expanders and telescopes.

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Despite growing polarization, Americans are less likely to express negative feelings toward someone of the other political party if they are told that the other person does not care very much about politics, or if they are asked to focus on other aspects of their identities, like their shared identity as Americans or as fans of the same sports team.

Just as other lenses, axicons are available in uncoated forms, but are often delivered with anti-reflection coatings for certain spectral regions. They can be made from various optical materials; mostly, one uses common optical glasses such as fused silica.

Americans also tend to have greater feelings of dislike toward members of the other political party than they have had in previous years. 1 This is referred to as affective polarization or emotional polarization. 2 Increasing numbers of people now describe those in another political party as close-minded, dishonest, unintelligent, and even immoral. 3

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Ask Yourself:  What other individual or policy changes do you think could help to decrease the negative effects of polarization?

The United States has two main political parties, the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. In the early 1990s, the two parties had more similar policy agendas than they do today and there was more diversity of opinion within each party. Over the last 30 years, the Democratic Party has moved more to the “left,” while the Republican Party has moved more to the “right.” 2 While political polarization is growing in other countries worldwide, it is more dramatic in the United States. 3

EKSMA Optics offers axicon lenses with quick ex-stock delivery. The range of standard cone apex angles varies from 140° to 179°. Custom axicons can be manufactured in EKSMA Optics CNC polishing facility starting from a single-piece prototype to batch production.

Axicons may be considered as specialty lenses (conical lenses); after all, their outer shape and the typical way of mounting is similar as for lenses. Alternatively, axicons are called conical prisms.

Shanghai Optics offers high-precision axicon lenses for medical, scientific and industrial applications. From eye surgery to optical tweezers to laser drilling, from optical coherence tomography to particle physics, these prisms play a very important role in a wide range of optical systems. We produce a variety of axicon lenses from optical materials such as fused silica, sapphire, ZnSe, and plastics. Our lenses can be made with almost any ring diameter, and both refractive and diffractive axicon lenses are available. We can also design optical assemblies such as a combination of axicons with beam expanders, lenses, or additional axicons to produce your desired beam profile.

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An axicon lens is a special lens with one plano (flat) surface and one conical surface. Also known as a rotationally symmetric prism, an axicon lens creates a focal line along the optical axis using interference, and can convert a laser beam into a ring shaped beam of light. Axicons are typically defined by their apex angles.

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85% of Americans are in favor of requiring background checks on people who buy guns through private sales or gun shows. 15

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One often specifies the apex angle of an axicon; this is 180° minus twice the above-mentioned axicon angle. Axicons with a wide range of apex angles are available as stock optics, e.g. with 90° but also with much larger angles such as 160°. In the form of custom optics, a wider range of parameters is possible.

Thus, the gap between the policy positions of the Democratic and Republican Parties is growing, and more Americans now identify consistently with the main policy positions of their party than in previous years. 4 People often change their political beliefs to match the positions of their party, which reinforces divides between the parties. 5 Furthermore, the overlap between the political values of Democrats and Republicans shrank between 1994 and 2017, as the share of Americans with ideologically consistent values increased. 6

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Using our advertising package, you can display your logo, further below your product description, and these will been seen by many photonics professionals.

An axicon (also called axicon lens) is an optical device similar to a lens, where however one has a conical rather than curved surface. Generally, one side is conical, with the tip looking outwards, and the other surface is flat (plano-convex axicon). In most cases, the transverse cross-section is a circle, as for an ordinary lens. The inclination angle of the surface (called the axicon angle) does not change with increasing distance from the optical axis, while it would continuously change for an ordinary lens. Refraction thus leads to a constant ray deflection angle within a range of input ray positions.

Political polarization is the movement of political views and actions away from the center and toward more extreme views and policies. 1

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In addition, the general public is less divided on a range of issues than in the past. Many policies have bipartisan support, or support from members of both the Republican and Democratic Parties. For example:

Political polarization has also made it increasingly difficult for people to talk with someone with whom they disagree. Fifty-three percent of Americans say that talking about politics with people they disagree with is “generally stressful and frustrating.” 12

There are also fiber axicon lenses, where near a fiber end the fiber diameter is rapidly reduced down essentially to zero. Such fiber axicon lenses can be used for coupling light into very small waveguides of photonic integrated circuits, for example.

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Americans across party lines are increasingly concerned about the negative effects of political polarization and the state of our country. 16 Reforming the policies that shape elections, governance, and the media can help to decrease political polarization, but there are also things that individuals can do: