Polarizationof lightnotes PDF

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In linear Polarization, the electric field of light is confined to a single plane along the direction of the propagation of light.

This isn’t just for show; it has practical uses, like reducing glare in sunglasses, analyzing chemicals, and even making 3D movies pop. It’s a fascinating aspect of light that shows just how complex and useful this everyday phenomenon can be.

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The shark-proof cage is also used in the controversial exercise of shark baiting, where tourists are lowered in a cage while the tour guides bait the water to attract sharks or stimulate certain behavior.[1]

Polarizationdefinitionin Chemistry

Polarization of Light: If you were to leave your house on a hot, sunny day, you would undoubtedly wear sunglasses. This is because the light emitted by the sun is unpolarized light and the sunglasses we wear transform the unpolarized light. Polarized light is light in which the electric field vector of the light is in the same phase and is perpendicular to the propagation of the light wave. The process of converting unpolarized light into polarized light is called polarization.

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Plane polarizedlight

Another incident reported in 2016 occurred off the coast of Mexico, when a shark that lunged for the bait broke into the cage and the diver was able to escape uninjured.[28]

Opponents of the cage-diving industry, such as shark-survivor Craig Bovim, who was reportedly bitten by a ragged-tooth shark[19] (a species not targeted by cage diving operators in the region, and not generally considered a hazard to divers) while snorkeling for lobster at Scarborough, on the other side of the Cape Peninsula from Seal Island, where the shark cage boats operate, believe that the repeated chumming used to lure sharks to tourist cages may alter sharks' behaviour.[20] [21][failed verification] Bovim's opponents, such as marine environmentalist Wilfred Chivell, contend that there is no demonstrated correlation between shark-baiting and shark attacks against humans.[21] However, there is evidence that the baiting of sharks for tourism does alter the patterns of movement of Great White Sharks.[22]

Brewster’s Law states that, for an unpolarized light of a known wavelength that is incident on a transparent surface, experiences maximum plan polarization at the angle of incidence then the tangent of the incidence angle is the refractive index of the substance for the given wavelength.

Shark baiting is a procedure where the water is baited by chumming with fish or other materials attractive to sharks.[17] Tourists remain inside a shark-proof cage while tour guides bait the waters to attract sharks for the tourists to observe. There have been claims that this could lead to potentially aggressive behavior by the shark population.[18] Some conservation groups, scuba divers, and underwater photographers consider the practice undesirable and potentially dangerous.

When light strikes a molecule or an atom, the light energy is absorbed and re-emitted in multiple directions. Polarization causes this scattering. Furthermore, the emitted light travels in many directions.

In 1974, after several reported shark attacks on working divers in Australia, Australian abalone diver James "Jim" Ellis developed a self-propelled cage to protect abalone divers from sharks,[7][8] which he patented in 1975.[9][10] Mounting the motor in gimbals in the front of the cage makes the vehicle highly maneuverable. Movement and speed are controlled with a "joystick".[11] The design allowed abalone divers to work without becoming vulnerable to attack.[9] Due to the propulsion system, the divers would exert themselves less and, therefore, might be able to collect molluscs for longer periods.[9] The patent abstract details a self-propelled cage with at least one access opening and a mounting frame that carries both an air motor and a propeller. Buoyant material is attached to the frame so that the cage may be made neutrally buoyant.[12][9] The diver can control warm water piped to the diver's suit in cold environments.[12][13] Propulsion was later changed to hydraulics supplied from the boat through the diver's umbilical.[12] The patent expired in 1996,[9] although Ellis continued to make improvements.[14]

The combination of electric and magnetic forces traveling across space is known as light. A light wave’s electric and magnetic vibrations are perpendicular to each other. The magnetic field travels in one direction and the electric field in the other, but they are always perpendicular. So we have an electric field in one plane, a magnetic field perpendicular to it, and a travel direction that is perpendicular to both. Electric and magnetic vibrations can happen in a variety of planes.

A shark-proof cage is a metal cage used by an underwater diver, to observe dangerous types of sharks up close or to harvest seafood in relative safety. Of the various species of shark, those most commonly observed from a cage are the great white shark and the bull shark, which are both known to be aggressive at times. Shark-proof cages are built to withstand being rammed and bitten by sharks, and are intended to protect the user from injury. Cages can provide a visual and tactile deterrent to sharks.[citation needed] Cage-diving allows people to closely monitor sharks for scientific, commercial or recreational purposes, and sometimes interact with them.

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Jul 23, 2017 — 1 Answer 1 ... Linearly polarized light is linearly polarized because the x and y components of the electric field are in phase with each other.

Polarisationmeaning in Physics

The incident ray reflected and refracted ray may all be seen in the diagram below. Unpolarised light is visible on the incident beam. The unpolarized light is depicted in the diagram above. The dot denotes perpendicular directions, whereas the lines denote parallel directions.

Polaroids are polarising materials made up of molecules that are oriented in a specific direction. A pass axis exists on every Polaroid. Only the pass axis will enable light to flow through. Both the horizontal and vertical pass axes can exist on a polaroid. The way light passes through it is determined by these. When the light that is not polarised travels through a polaroid, it becomes polarised.

In Circular Polarization, the electric field of light has two linear components that are perpendicular to each other and have identical amplitudes, but the phase difference is π ⁄ 2. The electric field that occurs will propagate in a circular motion.

In this article, we will learn about the Polarization of light, types of polarization, Polarization of Light properties, and others in detail.

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During the 2000s, shark-cage diving became more popular as a tourist activity. In South Australia, tourists are taken by boat from Port Lincoln to the Neptune Islands in the southern Spencer Gulf, where they view great white sharks either from a cage tethered to the back of a boat near the surface or from a cage lowered to the seabed. The government considers the activity to be one of South Australia's "iconic nature-based tourism experiences", which supports 70 jobs and contributes over $11 million to the state's economy.[16]

Polarisation of light definitionphysics

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In Elliptical Polarization, the electric field of light propagates along an elliptical path. The two linear components do not have the same amplitude and phase difference in elliptical polarization.

The light wave in which the electric field vectors vibrate in all possible directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the light is called unpolarized light. That is unpolarized light electric field vibrated randomly in all possible planes. We can define unpolarized light as a combination of light waves with all possible orientations of the electric field vectors. Sources of light such as the Sun or Incandescent bulbs emit unpolarized light.

Shark cages were first developed by Jacques Cousteau.[2] Cousteau used a shark cage when producing The Silent World, released in 1956.[3] Australian recreational diver and shark-attack survivor Rodney Fox helped develop a shark-observation cage in the late 1960s.[4] Fox's first design was inspired by a visit to a zoo he made after surviving a near-fatal shark attack in 1963.[5] Film-maker Peter Gimbel was involved in the design of a shark-proof cage for the production of Blue Water, White Death (1971).[6]

Polarization of light refers to the phenomenon in which waves of light or electromagnetic radiation are restricted to vibrate in a single direction.

Suppose if we fix the propagation of the wave in the x-direction then it can oscillate in either the y-direction, z-direction or in a combination of both directions. Thus wave has two polarization in each y-direction and z-direction. This polarization of light can be measured using any polarized light-sensitive medium, such as lenses, prisms, and others.

Polarization is a phenomenon induced by the wave nature of electromagnetic radiation, according to physics. Sunlight is an example of an electromagnetic wave since it travels through the vacuum to reach the Earth. Because an electric field interacts with a magnetic field, these waves are known as electromagnetic waves.

Polarized and unpolarizedlight

Polarization is the process of converting non-polarized light into polarised light. The light in which particles vibrate in all various planes is known as unpolarised light.

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The law says that the reflected ray is fully polarised at a specific angle of incidence. The angle between the reflected and refracted rays is also 90°. Total Angle = 90° if i = iB, that is when the angle of incidence equals Brewster’s Angle.

Polarizationdefinition

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Polarized light, on the other hand, refers to light in which the electric field vectors vibrate in a specific plane or direction. In polarized light, the electric field oscillations occur in a well-defined direction, rather than randomly. The process of transforming unpolarized light into polarized light is called polarization. Polarization can occur through various methods, such as reflection, transmission, scattering, or filtering.

On April 13, 2008, there was a fatal capsize of a shark cage diving boat off the coast near Gansbaai, South Africa, where three tourists died - two Americans and one Norwegian. The cage diving vessel was anchored on the Geldsteen reef near Dyer Island (South Africa) and engaged in shark cage diving viewing activities when it was capsized by a large wave estimated at 6m in a swell estimated at 4m significant wave height height. The boat engines were off while anchored over the reef, and the skipper was at the back of the vessel handling the bait line attracting sharks towards the cage. A videographer was in the cage at the time of capsize filming underwater footage for the DVDs sold as a tour souvenir. During the capsize, all of the 19 people on board were thrown overboard.[26] It was unknown at the time of the capsize how many passengers were onboard the vessel, and two American tourists were trapped underneath the capsized hull for more than forty minutes before it was realized that passengers were still unaccounted for. It was claimed by one of the defendants during the 2014 Western Cape High Court trial in Cape Town, South Africa that the wave that capsized the vessel was a freak wave, but statistically it was probably simply a larger wave in a 4 meter swell, that picked up over the reef. Since the vessel was anchored over a reef with engines off, it made a larger than normal wave more likely to break near the boat, and a capsize more difficult to avoid. There were other breaking waves shown in photos and videos which showed the increasing danger. The trial judge ruled that the skipper, cage diving operators, and boat owners were guilty of negligence.[26] Being anchored over a reef in a large sea in dangerous conditions was ruled as the primary reason for the capsize and death of the three tourists, Shark cage diving was incidental, but was the reason for the vessel to have remained anchored over a shallow reef, with engines off, despite increasing swells and breaking waves. If sharks had not been present and if the videographer had not still been in the cage filming they would have probably have already left.[27]

Any wave vibrating up and down perpendicular to the propagation of the wave is termed the transverse wave. As we know that a wave travels in 3-Dimensions and in the three dimensions there are two waves that are perpendicular to the propagation of the wave.

Polarized light and unpolarized light are two types of light that differ in the orientation of their electric field vibrations.

We can observe that there is a plane of vibration parallel to the plane in the diagram below. There is also a vibration plane that is perpendicular to the plane. The first picture is one that is not polarised. The second picture is polarised, meaning it is perpendicular or parallel to the first. So let’s start with polaroids to understand polarization.

In 2007, a commercial shark cage was destroyed off the coast of Guadalupe Island after a 4.6-metre (15 ft) great white shark became entangled and tore the cage apart in a frantic effort to free itself.[25] Tourists captured video of the incident, which quickly spread on the Internet.[citation needed]

Polarisationmeaning in Physics Electrostatics

“Polarized Light Oscillates at a single phase in a particular plane whereas ordinary light has no plane and it vibrates at random angles.”

Example: A beam of light strikes the surface of a plate of glass with a refractive index of √3 at the polarising angle. What will be the ray’s angle of refraction?

Polarization of light is like giving direction to the chaotic dance of light waves. Imagine light as a crowd of people moving together but facing all different directions; polarization is like getting them all to move in harmony, facing the same way. It’s a process that turns the jumbled mess of directions in unpolarized light into a neat, single direction in polarized light.

Similar cages are also used purely as a protective measure for divers working in waters where potentially dangerous shark species are present. In this application the shark-proof cage may be used as a refuge, or as a diving stage during descent and ascent, particularly during staged decompression where the divers may be vulnerable while constrained to a specific depth in mid-water for several minutes. In other applications a mobile cage may be carried by the diver while harvesting organisms such as abalone.

This happens naturally, like when sunlight bounces off a lake, or artificially with special materials called polaroids that act like gatekeepers, only letting light waves through if they’re moving in the right direction.

If the unpolarised light is incident on a particle, then we obtain dispersed light. Now when this polarized light passes through the atmosphere the molecule in the atmosphere dispersed the polarized light in all possible directions. And this is how light scattering causes polarization. The dispersed light is emitted in a direction that is perpendicular to the incident beam. Furthermore, dispersed light has complete polarization, but light travelling through molecules has partial polarization.

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In 2005, a British tourist, Mark Currie, was exposed to a high risk of injury or death when a 5-metre (18 ft) great white shark bit through the bars of a shark cage being used during a recreational shark dive off the coast of South Africa.[23][24] The shark circled the boat several times, and began to attack the side of the cage, then started to crush and bite through. The captain attempted to free the cage by trying to distract the shark. He did this by hitting it on the head with an iron pole. The shark bit into one of the buoys at the top of the cage, which caused the cage to begin sinking. Currie quickly swam out of the top of the cage and was pulled to safety by the boat's captain, who fended off the shark with blows to its head.[24]

In South Australia, abalone divers have been attacked by great white sharks, and divers believe that great white shark cage diving tourism has altered shark behavior including making them more inclined to approach boats. At least one abalone diver, Peter Stephenson has called for a ban on shark-cage diving and described it as a "major workplace safety issue". The government of South Australia claims that there is "no scientific evidence" to suggest that the general public is at elevated risk of shark attack as a result of shark cage tourism.[16]

Shark cage diving is underwater diving or snorkeling where the observer remains inside a protective cage designed to prevent sharks from making contact with the divers. Shark cage diving is used for scientific observation, underwater cinematography, and as a tourist activity. Sharks may be attracted to the vicinity of the cage by the use of bait, in a procedure known as chumming, which has attracted some controversy as it is claimed to potentially alter the natural behaviour of sharks in the vicinity of swimmers.

The majority of the light in the reflected ray is polarised parallel to the plane, with only a few exceptions. In contrast, most of the light in a refracted beam is unpolarized, with one or two polarised components. As a result, we can see that the reflected and refracted rays are both partly polarised.