Both simple and compound microscopes can be used for microbiological studies. Specimens like fungi and algae can be viewed under these microscopes. Microscopes can also be used to study soil particles.

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Roll, pitch, and yaw are rotational forces, or moments, about the X, Y, and Z axes. Just like pure linear forces, these moment forces need to be considered when calculating bearing life or determining the suitability of a linear system to withstand static loads.

Pitch: A pitch moment attempts to cause a system to rotate about its Y axis, from front to back. To envision pitch, think of the nose of an airplane pointing downward or upward.

The ocular or eyepiece is what an observer looks through and is present in the upper portion of the microscope. The eyepiecetube clasps the eyepieces which are positioned above the objective lens. The objective lenses are the main optical lenses. They range in various magnifications from 4x to 100x and generally include 3 to 5 lenses on a single microscope. Nosepiece houses the objective lenses.

A compound microscope is a high-power microscope that has higher magnification levels than a low-power or dissection microscope. It is used to examine tiny specimens like cell structures that cannot be viewed at lower magnification levels. A compound microscope is made up of both structural and optical components. The 3 basic structural components are – the head, arm and base.

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As a result of technical advancements, one can also find more efficient microscopes like scanning probe microscopes and scanning acoustic microscopes.

The two axes of the horizontal plane are typically defined as X and Y, with the X axis being in the direction of motion. The Y axis is orthogonal (perpendicular) to the direction of motion and is also in the horizontal plane. The Z axis is orthogonal to both the X and Y axes, but it is located in the vertical plane. (To find the positive direction of the Z axis, use the right-hand rule: point the index finger in the direction of positive X, then curl it in the direction of positive Y, and the thumb will indicate positive Z.)

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A moment is caused by a force applied at a distance. A moment force does not cause rotation, although it is often confused with torque, which is a force that does cause a body to rotate about an axis.

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An illuminator acts as the light source and is typically located at the microscope’s base. Most light microscopes operate on halogen bulbs with low voltage and also have variable and continuous lighting control within the base. A condenser is typically used to gather and focus the illuminator’s light onto the specimen. It is found beneath the stage and is often observed in conjunction with a diaphragm or iris. Iris or Diaphragm regulates the amount of light that reaches the specimen. It is situated above the condenser but beneath the stage.

Similarly, using two bearings on one guide can eliminate pitch moment forces, converting them to pure downward and liftoff loads on each bearing. Using two bearings on one guide also counters yaw moment forces, but in this case, the resulting forces are side (lateral) forces on each bearing.

Both pitch and yaw moments put excess loads on the balls located at the ends of a linear bearing, a condition sometimes referred to as edge loading.

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Microscope is a tool that produces enlarged images of small objects, allowing the observer to have an exceedingly close view of minute structures in a slide. It is primarily used for examination and analysis. Here, let us learn more about different types of microscopes and also their parts and functions.

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The stage is where the specimen to be viewed is placed. A mechanical stage is often used when working on a specimen at a higher magnification. This is when delicate movement of the specimen is required. Stage clips are operated to hold the slide in place. To see different areas of the specimen, the observer must physically move the slide. A separate knob is present to move the slide in the mechanical stage. The aperture is a tiny hole in the stage via which the transmitted light enters the stage.

These are basic microscopes that use light to magnify objects. The lenses in these microscopes refract the light for the objects beneath them to appear closer. The different types of light or optical microscopes are:

Filed Under: Applications, FAQs + basics, Featured, Integrated Linear Systems, Linear actuators (all), Slides + guides (all)

Linear guides and systems — including Cartesian robots, gantry systems, and XY tables — are typically subjected to both linear forces due to downward, upward, and side loads and rotational forces due to overhung loads. Rotational forces — also referred to as moment forces — are typically defined as roll, pitch, and yaw, based on the axis around which the system tries to rotate.

These are few applications associated with each microscope. Keep exploring BYJU’S Biology to learn more such exciting topics.

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Yaw: Yaw occurs when a force attempts to cause a system to rotate about its Z axis. To visualize yaw, imagine a model airplane suspended on a string. If the wind blows just right, the airplane’s wings and nose will remain level (no rolling or pitching), but it will rotate around the string from which it’s suspended. This is yaw.

The primary function of a microscope is to study biological specimens. A microscope solely functions on two concepts – magnification and resolution. Magnification is simply the ability of the microscope to enlarge the image. Whereas the ability to analyse minute details depends on the resolution.

The basic objective of a microscope is to magnify small objects. More than magnification, the most important function of a microscope is to provide resolution. It should render high-quality details of the desired specimen in order to proceed with the experiment and analysis. Simple and compound are some of the earliest known microscopes that have been recently replaced by electron and fluorescent microscopes. The different types of microscopes are as follows:

The fine and coarse focus knobs are the adjustment knobs that are often used to focus the microscope. They are coaxial knobs. This means the focusing system of both fine and coarse focus are mounted on the same axis. There is also a condenser focus knob which moves the condenser up or down to control the lighting

Instead of light, these microscopes use beams of electrons to generate images. The two well-known electron microscopes are:

Compound and dissection microscopes are the two types of microscopes that are mostly used in schools for educational purposes.

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Linear guides and systems have higher capacities for pure linear forces than for moment forces, so resolving moment forces into linear forces can significantly increase bearing life and reduce deflection. For roll moments, the way to accomplish this is to use two linear guides in parallel, with one or two bearings per guide. This converts the roll moment forces into pure downward and liftoff loads on each bearing.

In multi-axis systems, the direction of travel of the bottom axis is typically defined as the X axis. If the next axis above it is also horizontal, that axis is defined as Y, and the vertical axis (even if it is the second axis, directly on top of X), is defined as the Z axis.

A simple microscope is a basic light microscope that has only one lens. The condenser part is absent in simple microscopes. They work on natural light and there is less usage of hooks and knobs for adjustments. On the other hand, compound microscopes have 2 adjustment knobs – fine and coarse. Their magnification is also higher than the simple microscope.

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Recirculating bearings with a “back-to-back,” or “O,” raceway arrangement have higher roll moment capacities than bearings with a “front-to-front,” or “X,” arrangement, due to the larger moment arm formed by the contact lines between the balls and the raceways.

Roll: A roll moment is a force that attempts to cause a system to rotate about its X axis, from side-to-side. A good example of roll is an airplane banking.