Images can be placed in pages for print or web, including apps. Different programs, languages, and image file formats are suitable for each application (Table 3-3).

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There are many different file types that a digital image could be; however, when it comes to the content of the image, there are really only two options: vector and bitmap.

A possible source of confusion for print designers learning about the web is that HTML does not have a fixed page size and does not utilize text boxes and picture boxes. Rather, text placed in a

paragraph tag can be styled to have a certain width and position on the page. Images can either be placed on separate lines or have text wrapped around them using the “float: left” or “float: right” styles.

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Most digital cameras can capture images in uncompressed native, or camera raw, format, or in several different sizes and quality levels of JPEG-compressed images. Some photographers prefer to save JPEG images because processing is faster, but they may lose some of the available resolution and image tonal data. With the fast microprocessors and solid state drives on today’s computers, camera raw processing has become a lot faster than in years past, and most professional photographers prefer to shoot in camera raw.

Bitmap and vector files can be saved in a variety of different file formats. Each file format typically will be optimized for a specific end-use or file type. For example, the bitmap file format GIF (Graphic Interchange Format) is suitable for the World Wide Web, but should never be used for commercial printing. Other file formats are more flexible, and could be used for a variety of end uses. Vector images can only be saved in a limited number file formats without being converted into bitmap format. For a summary of various image file formats and uses (Table 3-2).

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When it comes to preparing images for viewing on portable devices such as smart phones and tablets, resolution requirements change dramatically. this is due to the trend for these devices to have extremely high resolution screens. For example, the recommended image resolution for images being viewed on an Apple device with a Retina screen can be as high as 600 ppi.

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Like traditional negatives, Camera Raw files must be post-processed in order to be representative of the target scene. There are two processes that must be performed to a Camera Raw file before it can be used in a print application. First, the image must be demosaiced. This process maps the monochromatic data captured by the camera’s CCD array and translates it into RGB data. The second process is rendering. This is where the RGB data is enhanced to create an image that either attempts to represent “pleasing color”, or, in the case of product photography, match the original colour precisely.

Images for web should generally be 72 ppi resolution, RGB colour mode, and set to final size, rather than being resized with the “width” style. Achieving the smallest possible file size makes pages load faster and helps retain readers’ attention.

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Resolution for Print. To determine optimal resolution for printing, a simple formula can be applied. This formula will defend against undesirable effects of images with inadequate resolution. This formula takes into account a phenomenon known as the two times rule. The rule states that in order for a bitmap image to give the illusion of a continuous tone image, there must be twice the resolution in the image than the printing linescreen on press, when the image is at its final size. If the image has less than two pixels for every printing dot, the individual pixels will become evident to the observer. The formula for this equation is as follows:

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This model works well for conventional halftone screening. For FM (Stochastic) screening, it generally recommended to use a higher resolution. For example, some printers using a 10 micron FM dot recommend a minimum of 600 dpi for images.

You can see other ATX power supply connector pinouts, like for the 24-pin motherboard power connector and 15-pin SATA power connector, in our ATX Power Supply Pinout Tables list.

Vector images (Table 3-1) are defined mathematically as a series of points, lines, curves, and shapes, with colour fills and strokes. Their advantage is a small file size combined with resolution independence, or the ability to be scaled up without loss of resolution. They are used mostly for charts, diagrams, type, and synthetic artwork, or pictures drawn on the computer. Vector graphics can be created in different color spaces, can combine process and spot colors, contain multicolor vignettes, and even support transparency in some instances. A disadvantage is the lack of realism that comes with photos. Examples are Adobe Illustrator files, Photoshop paths, and type faces.

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A bitmap is often compared with a mosaic because it consists of a matrix of microscopic squares that contain tone and colour information to reproduce a photo. Bitmapped images are end-use dependent, meaning the resolution must be set for the desired output, including type and resolution of output, as well as reproduction size.

If you're using this pinout table to test power supply voltages, be aware that the voltages must be within ATX specified tolerances.

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A lens with a focal length of 50 mm (SI), mounted to a camera with a smaller frame size has a smaller angle of view, is called focal length magnification.

Web pages are constructed using tags like

for paragraphs,

for headings, and for images (Figure 3-5). The tags create objects that can be styled using cascading style sheets (CSS) to specify size, positioning, colour, and other attributes, and JavaScript to add interactivity. HTML, CSS, and JavaScript can be written with a free text editor like TextWrangler, Atom, or SublimeText and previewed in a browser. Purpose-specific programs like Adobe Dreamweaver offer additional tools and preview capability.

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Camera raw files are like the digital equivalent to a traditional film negative – they contain all the data captured by the camera, but they are not processed into final images. This means that camera raw files are not restricted to any process parameters and remain extremely flexible in how they are “digitally developed.” Camera raw files have the greatest ability to match (or improve upon) the original scene.

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Each camera manufacturer and camera model has its own proprietary format of camera raw. To open the files on a computer, the software publisher needs to write a conversion algorithm from the camera’s raw format to a standard file format. A universal camera raw format is Adobe Digital Negative, or DNG.

For example, let’s say you have a digital image that is 72 ppi, and you would like to place this image into a layout at 67% of its original size. The layout is for a brochure that will be printed at 150 lpi. Will the resolution of the image be sufficient? The above formula can be used to determine what resolution would result in an adequate final resolution:

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Page layout programs preferable to word processing programs when designing content for print applications. For one thing, they support CMYK colour models, whereas word processors are based on RGB models, which can negatively affect print quality (for example, RGB black text may separate into 4-color black when converted to CMYK, causing registration issues on press). Page layout programs also offer greater flexibility than a word processors when it comes to importing and placing images, including enhanced text-wrapping features and the ability to support clipping paths. Users can place images in picture boxes and text in text boxes, then set type to wrap around the images (Figure 3-4).

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For print, page layout applications like Adobe InDesign and QuarkXPress can combine vector and bitmap images with text, then save pages in native or standard formats like Adobe PDF. Because these programs are meant to handle large amount of information, they have numerous tools to maximize productivity and efficiency. For example, they can automatically create a table of contents, generate indexes, create master page designs, organize multiple documents into one project, and even synchronize documents to each other.

Since bitmapped image files are end-use dependent, a logical starting point with a DSLR camera would be to capture camera raw (Figure 3-1). Raw files need to be converted to standard file formats (e.g., TIFF, JPEG, PSD), without loss of resolution, for processing (Figure 3-1, “Working Image File”). Different resolutions are required for web, print, eBooks, and other forms of output. So the working image file can be saved in the appropriate format, using for example Photoshop’s Save for Web or Export As functions.

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Based on this information, we know that the minimum required resolution for the image is 200 ppi. If our image is 72 ppi, and we are placing it at 67% of its original size, the effective resolution for the image will be 107 ppi (72 ppi ÷ 0.67 scaling factor). Consequently, it has been determined that the resulting resolution will not be sufficient. The image will either have be placed at a smaller size, or a new image will have to be taken that has a higher resolution.

Animations can also be vector graphics in the form of HTML tags and accompanying CSS styles and JavaScript interactivity.

Below is the complete pinout table for the standard floppy drive 4-pin peripheral power connector (aka, Berg or Mini-Molex connector) as of Version 2.2 of the ATX Specification (PDF).

A digital photo or artwork could end up in a variety of digital file formats, depending upon the image itself and whether it’s placed in a page. Within the graphic communications industry, there are literally dozens of different image file formats that can be created, manipulated, and reproduced. Some file formats are appropriate for print production, while others are best suited for the web and digital media. The more you know about file formats, color spaces, resolution and compression, the greater the opportunity you will have to achieve desirable outcomes with your digital images. In this chapter, we will explore various digital file formats and their attributes associated with them.

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Resolution for Screen Viewing. The proper resolution for a bitmap image is dependent on the end-use of the image, as well as the scale at which it is to be used. For digital applications, such as websites, the image resolution usually does not have to exceed 72 ppi (pixels per inch) at the size it is being viewed at. The reason for this is that most conventional computer monitors display information at 72 pixels per inch. It should be noted, however, with advances in technology, including high definition (HD) monitors and 4K screens, the resolution requirements for images viewed on monitors is starting to increase.

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