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Polarization of light definition physicsformula

The visual field brightness (B) of the microscope is determined by the following formula in relation to the objective lens magnification (M). The larger the N.A. and the lower the objective magnification, brightness will increase in the factor of the second power.

The numerical aperture is a key factor to the performance of objective lens (resolving power, focal depth and brightness). The N.A. is determined by the following formula:

Polarization definitioninPhysics

The phenomenon in which electromagnetic waves, such as light waves, vibrate in a preferred plane or planes; or the process of confining the vibrations to certain planes. In unpolarized light the vibrations are equally distributed in all directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave. If all the vibrations are confined to one plane, the light is said to be plane-polarized (or linearly polarized). If the light in one plane is out of phase with the light in the plane at right angles to it (i.e. if the peaks and troughs of the waves are not in step), then the light is said to be circularly polarized. If all these phenomena occur together, the light is said to be elliptically polarized. Plane polarization is usually caused by scattering, and circular polarization by strong magnetic fields. Circularly and elliptically polarized light can also be produced by a wave plate. See also stokes parameters.

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