Geometrical optics: Geometrical optics deals with the study of light as rays, focusing on the principles of reflection and refraction. It describes the behavior of light when it encounters surfaces and interfaces, using concepts such as lenses and mirrors.

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Kagome metals AV3Sb5 (A=K, Rb, and Cs) exhibit a characteristic superconducting ground state coexisting with a charge density wave (CDW), whereas the mechanisms of the superconductivity and CDW have yet to be clarified. Here we report a systematic angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) study of Cs(V1−xNbx)3Sb5 as a function of Nb content x, where isovalent Nb substitution causes an enhancement of superconducting transition temperature (Tc) and the reduction of CDW temperature (TCDW). We found that the Nb substitution shifts the Sb-derived electron band at the Γ point downward and simultaneously moves the V-derived band around the M point upward to lift up the saddle point (SP) away from the Fermi level, leading to the reduction of the CDW-gap magnitude and TCDW. This indicates a primary role of the SP density of states to stabilize the CDW. The present result also suggests that the enhancement of superconductivity by Nb substitution is caused by the cooperation between the expansion of the Sb-derived electron pocket and the recovery of the V-derived density of states at the Fermi level.

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Fiber optics: Fiber optics involves the transmission of light through thin, flexible fibers made of glass or plastic. This technology is widely used for communication, providing high-speed data transmission over long distances.

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Optics is a broad and interdisciplinary field that intersects with physics, engineering, materials science, biology, and other disciplines. The understanding of optics has led to numerous technological advancements and continues to play a crucial role in various scientific and industrial applications.

Quantum optics: Quantum optics involves the study of the quantum mechanical nature of light. It explores the behavior of individual photons, quantum entanglement, and the interaction between light and matter at the quantum level.

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Physical optics: Physical optics, also known as wave optics, considers light as an electromagnetic wave. It explores phenomena such as interference, diffraction, polarization, and the wave nature of light. This branch of optics is crucial for understanding various optical phenomena at the wave level.

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Optical materials: The study of materials with optical properties, such as lenses, prisms, and mirrors, falls under the domain of optics. This includes the characterization and development of materials for specific optical applications.

The 2D CCD detector is a state of the art analogue detection system for ARPES and imaging applications. It features a highly sensitive 2D CCD camera for data aquisition from a fast phosphorous screen. The electron signal is multiplied by a chevron stack MCP array.

Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behavior and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and its manifestation as both particle and wave phenomena. It encompasses the study of the generation, propagation, manipulation, and detection of light, as well as its various applications. Optics plays a fundamental role in understanding vision, photography, microscopy, lasers, telecommunications, and a wide range of optical technologies.

Optical instruments: Optics is applied in the design and development of optical instruments such as microscopes, telescopes, cameras, and spectrometers. These instruments are used for observation, measurement, and analysis in various scientific and technological fields.

Laser physics: Lasers (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) are devices that produce highly collimated and coherent light. Laser physics is a branch of optics that studies the principles and applications of lasers.