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AI momentum maintained In a letter to shareholders outlining the latest company developments, Coherent said that although macroeconomic uncertainty was still a significant issue, the firm had seen “signs of improving demand trends” during the December quarter, and now expected quarterly sales to rise over the coming six months.

Low f numberchart

Diffraction gratings are important optical components with periodic structures that operate on the principle of interference to split multi-spectral light.

OLED adoption Sales into optical networking applications remain the firm’s largest business segment, accounting for $524 million in revenues during the December quarter. Lasers is the second-largest segment, with sales of $354 million - down 5 per cent year-on-year, but up from the prior three-month period.

Low f numbercanon

by SA Korff · 1932 · Cited by 166 — Rev. Mod. Phys. 4, 471 (1932)

Each movement up the range (say f/2 to f.2.8) reduces the amount of light by one-half, and each movement down the range (say f/11 to f/8) doubles the amount of light passing through the lens.

“We emerged from the [December] quarter with greater confidence and excitement regarding a return to stronger growth and meaningfully enhanced profitability,” stated the shareholder letter, with Mattera telling the investor call that the firm was continuing to implement efficiency savings across the business in an effort to improve operating margins.

Incidentally, to help you with this, every lens has a manual with a DOF chart for each f/stop and the major focusing distances. DOF is just a matter of physics, and it’s important to grasp this concept.

“In response to customer demand, we continue to make progress toward expected commercial launch of our 1.6 Tb/s transceivers and components in the first quarter of fiscal 2025,” stated the firm, whose current financial year ends in June.

The aperture is the opening at the rear of the lens that determines how much light travels through the lens and falls on the image sensor.

In this section we’re going to discuss several crucial elements for exercising greater creative control over your final photographic image.Other than lighting, composition and focus (which includes depth of field) are the main elements that you can exercise complete command over.Focus enables you to isolate a subject and specifically draw the viewer’s eye to exactly where you want it.The first thing to understand about focus is depth of field.1Depth of FieldThe depth of field (DOF) is the front-to-back zone of a photograph in which the image is razor sharp.As soon as an object (person, thing) falls out of this range, it begins to lose focus at an accelerating degree the farther out of the zone it falls; e.g., closer to the lens or deeper into the background. With any DOF zone, there is a Point of Optimum focus in which the object is most sharp.There are two ways to describe the qualities of depth of field – shallow DOF or deep DOF. Shallow is when the included focus range is very narrow, a few inches to several feet. Deep is when the included range is a couple of yards to infinity. In both cases DOF is measured in front of the focus point and behind the focus point.DOF is determined by three factors – aperture size, distance from the lens, and the focal length of the lens.Let’s look at how each one works.2ApertureThe aperture is the opening at the rear of the lens that determines how much light travels through the lens and falls on the image sensor.The size of the aperture’s opening is measured in f-stops – one of two sets of numbers on the lens barrel (the other being the focusing distance).The f-stops work as inverse values, such that a small f/number (say f/2.8) corresponds to a larger or wider aperture size, which results in a shallow depth of field; conversely a large f/number (say f/16) results in a smaller or narrower aperture size and therefore a deeper depth of field.3Small vs Large ApertureManipulating the aperture is the easiest and most often utilized means to adjust Depth of Field.To achieve a deep, rich and expansive DOF, you’ll want to set the f-stop to around f/11 or higher. You may have seen this principle demonstrated when you look at photos taken outside during the brightest time of the day. In such a case, the camera is typically set at f/16 or higher (that Sunny 16 Rule) and the Depth of Field is quite deep – perhaps several yards in front of and nearly to infinity beyond the exact focus point.Let’s take a look at these two photos as examples. The left side of the photo has an expansive DOF, most likely shot around noon (notice the short, but strong shadows), with an f/22 aperture. The right side of the photo has an extremely shallow DOF; probably an f/2.8 aperture setting.However, to achieve an identical proper exposure, the shutter speed is probably closer to 1/1000th to compensate for the increased amount of light entering the lens at f/2.8.4Aperture RangeThe aperture range identifies the widest to smallest range of lens openings, i.e., f/1.4 (on a super-fast lens) to f/32, with incremental “stops” in between (f/2, f/2.8, f/4, f/5.6, f/8, f/11, f/16, and f/22).Each f-number is represents one “stop” of light, a stop is a mathematical equation (which is the focal length of the lens divided by the diameter of the aperture opening) that determines how much light that enters the lens regardless of the length of the lens. Such that an f/4 on a 50mm has smaller opening than an f/4 on a 200mm, but an equivalent amount of light travels through both lenses to reach the image sensor thus providing the same exposure.Each movement up the range (say f/2 to f.2.8) reduces the amount of light by one-half, and each movement down the range (say f/11 to f/8) doubles the amount of light passing through the lens.It’s important to understand this concept and how it affects exposure because it works in tandem with the shutter speed (we’ll discuss this in another section) to establish a given exposure value.Basically, when you change the aperture size one stop, you have to shift the shutter speed one stop in the opposite direction to maintain a consistent exposure… and this change in aperture alters the depth of field (DOF) accordingly.5Distance from the LensThe last element affecting depth of field is the distance of the subject from the lens – you can adjust the DOF by changing that distance.For example, the closer an object is to the lens (and the focus is set on that object) the shallower the DOF. Conversely, the reverse is true – the farther away an object is and focused on, the deeper the DOF. Changing the distance to subject is the least practical way to manipulate the depth of field, and by changing the distance from a subject to the lens, you immediately change your image’s composition. To maintain the compositional integrity of the shot, but still have the change in DOF from a distance, you can change the focal length (either by changing lenses or zooming in).Why does changing the focal length negate the effects on DOF? This is because the visual properties of a given lens either provide either greater DOF (shorter lenses) or shallower DOF (longer lenses). The physical properties of a lens at a given focal length also affect the depth of field. A shorter focal length lens (say 27mm) focused at 5 meters, set at f/4 has a deeper DOF (perhaps from 3 meters in front and 20 meters behind) than a longer focal length (say 300mm), also set at f/4 focused at 5 meters. The 300mm lens has a remarkably shallow depth of field.Incidentally, to help you with this, every lens has a manual with a DOF chart for each f/stop and the major focusing distances. DOF is just a matter of physics, and it’s important to grasp this concept.CConclusionManipulation of depth of field is a good way to modify the characteristics of your photo, and manipulating the aperture is the ideal way to do this because it has little or no effect on composition.You simply need to change the shutter speed (or change the light sensitivity – ISO) to compensate for the changes in the exposure from the adjustments to the f-number. Changes in distance and focal length also affect DOF, but these changes have trade-offs in terms of composition.Therefore, changes to aperture are the best way to manipulate DOF without affecting a photo’s composition.

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As soon as an object (person, thing) falls out of this range, it begins to lose focus at an accelerating degree the farther out of the zone it falls; e.g., closer to the lens or deeper into the background. With any DOF zone, there is a Point of Optimum focus in which the object is most sharp.

Basically, when you change the aperture size one stop, you have to shift the shutter speed one stop in the opposite direction to maintain a consistent exposure… and this change in aperture alters the depth of field (DOF) accordingly.

Fab consolidation Coherent executives also point out that demand for AI applications is having a positive knock-on effect on demand for the firm’s lasers, which are widely used in semiconductor manufacturing tools needed to make the chips that enable AI technologies.

“We enjoyed a third straight quarter of strong orders for our AI-related datacom transceivers,” stated the letter, with revenues from 800 Gb/s transceivers doubling from the September quarter to exceed the $100 million mark.

CEO Mattera, who expects that quarterly number to rise consecutively in the next two quarters, added that key customers were also now seeking even faster transceivers operating at 1.6 Tb/s, and related components.

The size of the aperture’s opening is measured in f-stops – one of two sets of numbers on the lens barrel (the other being the focusing distance).

f-number formula

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“We are beginning to see activity for Gen 6 and Gen 8 fabs in connection with OLED adoption in laptop computers and tablets.”

You simply need to change the shutter speed (or change the light sensitivity – ISO) to compensate for the changes in the exposure from the adjustments to the f-number. Changes in distance and focal length also affect DOF, but these changes have trade-offs in terms of composition.

The stock price of the highly diversified photonics company Coherent has risen in value by close to 20 per cent after the company reported revenues of $1.13 billion for the quarter ending December 31.

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Low f numberphotography

But CEO Chuck Mattera and his executive team also pointed to myriad applications for industrial lasers that will underpin future business, highlighting opportunities in laser welding of electric vehicle batteries and in lithography, as well as transfer processes in future generations of TVs based on micro-LEDs.

“Encouragingly, we are starting to see improvement in our [excimer] laser services revenue, primarily driven by increasing fab utilization and depleted inventory in our display capital equipment market segment,” reported the firm.

There are two ways to describe the qualities of depth of field – shallow DOF or deep DOF. Shallow is when the included focus range is very narrow, a few inches to several feet. Deep is when the included range is a couple of yards to infinity. In both cases DOF is measured in front of the focus point and behind the focus point.

Why does changing the focal length negate the effects on DOF? This is because the visual properties of a given lens either provide either greater DOF (shorter lenses) or shallower DOF (longer lenses). The physical properties of a lens at a given focal length also affect the depth of field. A shorter focal length lens (say 27mm) focused at 5 meters, set at f/4 has a deeper DOF (perhaps from 3 meters in front and 20 meters behind) than a longer focal length (say 300mm), also set at f/4 focused at 5 meters. The 300mm lens has a remarkably shallow depth of field.

A key reason for that is continued demand for high-speed optical datacom transceivers destined for emerging applications in AI.

Manipulation of depth of field is a good way to modify the characteristics of your photo, and manipulating the aperture is the ideal way to do this because it has little or no effect on composition.

Low f numberexample

For example, the closer an object is to the lens (and the focus is set on that object) the shallower the DOF. Conversely, the reverse is true – the farther away an object is and focused on, the deeper the DOF. Changing the distance to subject is the least practical way to manipulate the depth of field, and by changing the distance from a subject to the lens, you immediately change your image’s composition. To maintain the compositional integrity of the shot, but still have the change in DOF from a distance, you can change the focal length (either by changing lenses or zooming in).

"This is a very high level of engagement now, and a market that will be growing over the next three-to-five years," Dorman told the call. AI momentum maintained In a letter to shareholders outlining the latest company developments, Coherent said that although macroeconomic uncertainty was still a significant issue, the firm had seen “signs of improving demand trends” during the December quarter, and now expected quarterly sales to rise over the coming six months. A key reason for that is continued demand for high-speed optical datacom transceivers destined for emerging applications in AI. “We enjoyed a third straight quarter of strong orders for our AI-related datacom transceivers,” stated the letter, with revenues from 800 Gb/s transceivers doubling from the September quarter to exceed the $100 million mark. CEO Mattera, who expects that quarterly number to rise consecutively in the next two quarters, added that key customers were also now seeking even faster transceivers operating at 1.6 Tb/s, and related components. “In response to customer demand, we continue to make progress toward expected commercial launch of our 1.6 Tb/s transceivers and components in the first quarter of fiscal 2025,” stated the firm, whose current financial year ends in June. Fab consolidation Coherent executives also point out that demand for AI applications is having a positive knock-on effect on demand for the firm’s lasers, which are widely used in semiconductor manufacturing tools needed to make the chips that enable AI technologies. “We emerged from the [December] quarter with greater confidence and excitement regarding a return to stronger growth and meaningfully enhanced profitability,” stated the shareholder letter, with Mattera telling the investor call that the firm was continuing to implement efficiency savings across the business in an effort to improve operating margins. “We’re on a roll but we’re far from done,” the CEO said. Central to that effort will be the consolidation of the firm’s compound semiconductor wafer fab and device manufacturing facilities - with plans to close half of those sites. “We will consolidate into our most modern facilities with a stable baseline of operational excellence and will drive better utilization of our assets while reducing our costs and improving our new product introduction and technology innovation cycle times,” stated the shareholder letter. Coherent currently operates several gallium arsenide and indium phosphide wafer fabrication facilities that produce photonic devices, alongside its silicon carbide business that is aimed at electronic applications. Sites such as the firm’s major facility in Sherman, Texas, are key to producing the high-speed vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) upon which the high-speed optical transceivers in such demand for AI depend. OLED adoption Sales into optical networking applications remain the firm’s largest business segment, accounting for $524 million in revenues during the December quarter. Lasers is the second-largest segment, with sales of $354 million - down 5 per cent year-on-year, but up from the prior three-month period. “Encouragingly, we are starting to see improvement in our [excimer] laser services revenue, primarily driven by increasing fab utilization and depleted inventory in our display capital equipment market segment,” reported the firm. “We are beginning to see activity for Gen 6 and Gen 8 fabs in connection with OLED adoption in laptop computers and tablets.” • Following the latest update Coherent’s stock price initially rose in value by around 20 per cent on the Nasdaq, to trade at close to $58. The uptick means that the company’s market capitalization now stands at around $10 billion - the highest figure seen since the mid-2022 merger between II-VI and the original Coherent laser business.

Coherent currently operates several gallium arsenide and indium phosphide wafer fabrication facilities that produce photonic devices, alongside its silicon carbide business that is aimed at electronic applications.

F numberin alphabet

It’s important to understand this concept and how it affects exposure because it works in tandem with the shutter speed (we’ll discuss this in another section) to establish a given exposure value.

Each f-number is represents one “stop” of light, a stop is a mathematical equation (which is the focal length of the lens divided by the diameter of the aperture opening) that determines how much light that enters the lens regardless of the length of the lens. Such that an f/4 on a 50mm has smaller opening than an f/4 on a 200mm, but an equivalent amount of light travels through both lenses to reach the image sensor thus providing the same exposure.

To achieve a deep, rich and expansive DOF, you’ll want to set the f-stop to around f/11 or higher. You may have seen this principle demonstrated when you look at photos taken outside during the brightest time of the day. In such a case, the camera is typically set at f/16 or higher (that Sunny 16 Rule) and the Depth of Field is quite deep – perhaps several yards in front of and nearly to infinity beyond the exact focus point.

Lowf-number lens

Focus enables you to isolate a subject and specifically draw the viewer’s eye to exactly where you want it.The first thing to understand about focus is depth of field.1Depth of FieldThe depth of field (DOF) is the front-to-back zone of a photograph in which the image is razor sharp.As soon as an object (person, thing) falls out of this range, it begins to lose focus at an accelerating degree the farther out of the zone it falls; e.g., closer to the lens or deeper into the background. With any DOF zone, there is a Point of Optimum focus in which the object is most sharp.There are two ways to describe the qualities of depth of field – shallow DOF or deep DOF. Shallow is when the included focus range is very narrow, a few inches to several feet. Deep is when the included range is a couple of yards to infinity. In both cases DOF is measured in front of the focus point and behind the focus point.DOF is determined by three factors – aperture size, distance from the lens, and the focal length of the lens.Let’s look at how each one works.2ApertureThe aperture is the opening at the rear of the lens that determines how much light travels through the lens and falls on the image sensor.The size of the aperture’s opening is measured in f-stops – one of two sets of numbers on the lens barrel (the other being the focusing distance).The f-stops work as inverse values, such that a small f/number (say f/2.8) corresponds to a larger or wider aperture size, which results in a shallow depth of field; conversely a large f/number (say f/16) results in a smaller or narrower aperture size and therefore a deeper depth of field.3Small vs Large ApertureManipulating the aperture is the easiest and most often utilized means to adjust Depth of Field.To achieve a deep, rich and expansive DOF, you’ll want to set the f-stop to around f/11 or higher. You may have seen this principle demonstrated when you look at photos taken outside during the brightest time of the day. In such a case, the camera is typically set at f/16 or higher (that Sunny 16 Rule) and the Depth of Field is quite deep – perhaps several yards in front of and nearly to infinity beyond the exact focus point.Let’s take a look at these two photos as examples. The left side of the photo has an expansive DOF, most likely shot around noon (notice the short, but strong shadows), with an f/22 aperture. The right side of the photo has an extremely shallow DOF; probably an f/2.8 aperture setting.However, to achieve an identical proper exposure, the shutter speed is probably closer to 1/1000th to compensate for the increased amount of light entering the lens at f/2.8.4Aperture RangeThe aperture range identifies the widest to smallest range of lens openings, i.e., f/1.4 (on a super-fast lens) to f/32, with incremental “stops” in between (f/2, f/2.8, f/4, f/5.6, f/8, f/11, f/16, and f/22).Each f-number is represents one “stop” of light, a stop is a mathematical equation (which is the focal length of the lens divided by the diameter of the aperture opening) that determines how much light that enters the lens regardless of the length of the lens. Such that an f/4 on a 50mm has smaller opening than an f/4 on a 200mm, but an equivalent amount of light travels through both lenses to reach the image sensor thus providing the same exposure.Each movement up the range (say f/2 to f.2.8) reduces the amount of light by one-half, and each movement down the range (say f/11 to f/8) doubles the amount of light passing through the lens.It’s important to understand this concept and how it affects exposure because it works in tandem with the shutter speed (we’ll discuss this in another section) to establish a given exposure value.Basically, when you change the aperture size one stop, you have to shift the shutter speed one stop in the opposite direction to maintain a consistent exposure… and this change in aperture alters the depth of field (DOF) accordingly.5Distance from the LensThe last element affecting depth of field is the distance of the subject from the lens – you can adjust the DOF by changing that distance.For example, the closer an object is to the lens (and the focus is set on that object) the shallower the DOF. Conversely, the reverse is true – the farther away an object is and focused on, the deeper the DOF. Changing the distance to subject is the least practical way to manipulate the depth of field, and by changing the distance from a subject to the lens, you immediately change your image’s composition. To maintain the compositional integrity of the shot, but still have the change in DOF from a distance, you can change the focal length (either by changing lenses or zooming in).Why does changing the focal length negate the effects on DOF? This is because the visual properties of a given lens either provide either greater DOF (shorter lenses) or shallower DOF (longer lenses). The physical properties of a lens at a given focal length also affect the depth of field. A shorter focal length lens (say 27mm) focused at 5 meters, set at f/4 has a deeper DOF (perhaps from 3 meters in front and 20 meters behind) than a longer focal length (say 300mm), also set at f/4 focused at 5 meters. The 300mm lens has a remarkably shallow depth of field.Incidentally, to help you with this, every lens has a manual with a DOF chart for each f/stop and the major focusing distances. DOF is just a matter of physics, and it’s important to grasp this concept.CConclusionManipulation of depth of field is a good way to modify the characteristics of your photo, and manipulating the aperture is the ideal way to do this because it has little or no effect on composition.You simply need to change the shutter speed (or change the light sensitivity – ISO) to compensate for the changes in the exposure from the adjustments to the f-number. Changes in distance and focal length also affect DOF, but these changes have trade-offs in terms of composition.Therefore, changes to aperture are the best way to manipulate DOF without affecting a photo’s composition.

Arm: The arm is the curved part that connects the base of the microscope to the head. It provides support and stability to the microscope, and it is also ...

The aperture range identifies the widest to smallest range of lens openings, i.e., f/1.4 (on a super-fast lens) to f/32, with incremental “stops” in between (f/2, f/2.8, f/4, f/5.6, f/8, f/11, f/16, and f/22).

• Following the latest update Coherent’s stock price initially rose in value by around 20 per cent on the Nasdaq, to trade at close to $58. The uptick means that the company’s market capitalization now stands at around $10 billion - the highest figure seen since the mid-2022 merger between II-VI and the original Coherent laser business.

ExactWeld 410The stock price of the highly diversified photonics company Coherent has risen in value by close to 20 per cent after the company reported revenues of $1.13 billion for the quarter ending December 31. Although that sales figure was down more than 17 per cent year-on-year, investors appeared to react positively to a bullish outlook - particularly regarding demand for the US firm’s high-speed optical transceivers used in AI. But CEO Chuck Mattera and his executive team also pointed to myriad applications for industrial lasers that will underpin future business, highlighting opportunities in laser welding of electric vehicle batteries and in lithography, as well as transfer processes in future generations of TVs based on micro-LEDs. “We’re aiming to drive a paradigm shift when it comes to laser welding,” said Mattera in response to one analyst query during an investor call to discuss the latest results, while Chris Dorman - executive VP of the firm’s lasers division - said he was “very excited” about future prospects for microLED TVs, where Coherent sells lasers used to transfer emitters from semiconductor wafers to displays. "This is a very high level of engagement now, and a market that will be growing over the next three-to-five years," Dorman told the call. AI momentum maintained In a letter to shareholders outlining the latest company developments, Coherent said that although macroeconomic uncertainty was still a significant issue, the firm had seen “signs of improving demand trends” during the December quarter, and now expected quarterly sales to rise over the coming six months. A key reason for that is continued demand for high-speed optical datacom transceivers destined for emerging applications in AI. “We enjoyed a third straight quarter of strong orders for our AI-related datacom transceivers,” stated the letter, with revenues from 800 Gb/s transceivers doubling from the September quarter to exceed the $100 million mark. CEO Mattera, who expects that quarterly number to rise consecutively in the next two quarters, added that key customers were also now seeking even faster transceivers operating at 1.6 Tb/s, and related components. “In response to customer demand, we continue to make progress toward expected commercial launch of our 1.6 Tb/s transceivers and components in the first quarter of fiscal 2025,” stated the firm, whose current financial year ends in June. Fab consolidation Coherent executives also point out that demand for AI applications is having a positive knock-on effect on demand for the firm’s lasers, which are widely used in semiconductor manufacturing tools needed to make the chips that enable AI technologies. “We emerged from the [December] quarter with greater confidence and excitement regarding a return to stronger growth and meaningfully enhanced profitability,” stated the shareholder letter, with Mattera telling the investor call that the firm was continuing to implement efficiency savings across the business in an effort to improve operating margins. “We’re on a roll but we’re far from done,” the CEO said. Central to that effort will be the consolidation of the firm’s compound semiconductor wafer fab and device manufacturing facilities - with plans to close half of those sites. “We will consolidate into our most modern facilities with a stable baseline of operational excellence and will drive better utilization of our assets while reducing our costs and improving our new product introduction and technology innovation cycle times,” stated the shareholder letter. Coherent currently operates several gallium arsenide and indium phosphide wafer fabrication facilities that produce photonic devices, alongside its silicon carbide business that is aimed at electronic applications. Sites such as the firm’s major facility in Sherman, Texas, are key to producing the high-speed vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) upon which the high-speed optical transceivers in such demand for AI depend. OLED adoption Sales into optical networking applications remain the firm’s largest business segment, accounting for $524 million in revenues during the December quarter. Lasers is the second-largest segment, with sales of $354 million - down 5 per cent year-on-year, but up from the prior three-month period. “Encouragingly, we are starting to see improvement in our [excimer] laser services revenue, primarily driven by increasing fab utilization and depleted inventory in our display capital equipment market segment,” reported the firm. “We are beginning to see activity for Gen 6 and Gen 8 fabs in connection with OLED adoption in laptop computers and tablets.” • Following the latest update Coherent’s stock price initially rose in value by around 20 per cent on the Nasdaq, to trade at close to $58. The uptick means that the company’s market capitalization now stands at around $10 billion - the highest figure seen since the mid-2022 merger between II-VI and the original Coherent laser business.

Although that sales figure was down more than 17 per cent year-on-year, investors appeared to react positively to a bullish outlook - particularly regarding demand for the US firm’s high-speed optical transceivers used in AI.

Let’s take a look at these two photos as examples. The left side of the photo has an expansive DOF, most likely shot around noon (notice the short, but strong shadows), with an f/22 aperture. The right side of the photo has an extremely shallow DOF; probably an f/2.8 aperture setting.

f-number calculator

“We’re on a roll but we’re far from done,” the CEO said. Central to that effort will be the consolidation of the firm’s compound semiconductor wafer fab and device manufacturing facilities - with plans to close half of those sites.

Other than lighting, composition and focus (which includes depth of field) are the main elements that you can exercise complete command over.Focus enables you to isolate a subject and specifically draw the viewer’s eye to exactly where you want it.The first thing to understand about focus is depth of field.1Depth of FieldThe depth of field (DOF) is the front-to-back zone of a photograph in which the image is razor sharp.As soon as an object (person, thing) falls out of this range, it begins to lose focus at an accelerating degree the farther out of the zone it falls; e.g., closer to the lens or deeper into the background. With any DOF zone, there is a Point of Optimum focus in which the object is most sharp.There are two ways to describe the qualities of depth of field – shallow DOF or deep DOF. Shallow is when the included focus range is very narrow, a few inches to several feet. Deep is when the included range is a couple of yards to infinity. In both cases DOF is measured in front of the focus point and behind the focus point.DOF is determined by three factors – aperture size, distance from the lens, and the focal length of the lens.Let’s look at how each one works.2ApertureThe aperture is the opening at the rear of the lens that determines how much light travels through the lens and falls on the image sensor.The size of the aperture’s opening is measured in f-stops – one of two sets of numbers on the lens barrel (the other being the focusing distance).The f-stops work as inverse values, such that a small f/number (say f/2.8) corresponds to a larger or wider aperture size, which results in a shallow depth of field; conversely a large f/number (say f/16) results in a smaller or narrower aperture size and therefore a deeper depth of field.3Small vs Large ApertureManipulating the aperture is the easiest and most often utilized means to adjust Depth of Field.To achieve a deep, rich and expansive DOF, you’ll want to set the f-stop to around f/11 or higher. You may have seen this principle demonstrated when you look at photos taken outside during the brightest time of the day. In such a case, the camera is typically set at f/16 or higher (that Sunny 16 Rule) and the Depth of Field is quite deep – perhaps several yards in front of and nearly to infinity beyond the exact focus point.Let’s take a look at these two photos as examples. The left side of the photo has an expansive DOF, most likely shot around noon (notice the short, but strong shadows), with an f/22 aperture. The right side of the photo has an extremely shallow DOF; probably an f/2.8 aperture setting.However, to achieve an identical proper exposure, the shutter speed is probably closer to 1/1000th to compensate for the increased amount of light entering the lens at f/2.8.4Aperture RangeThe aperture range identifies the widest to smallest range of lens openings, i.e., f/1.4 (on a super-fast lens) to f/32, with incremental “stops” in between (f/2, f/2.8, f/4, f/5.6, f/8, f/11, f/16, and f/22).Each f-number is represents one “stop” of light, a stop is a mathematical equation (which is the focal length of the lens divided by the diameter of the aperture opening) that determines how much light that enters the lens regardless of the length of the lens. Such that an f/4 on a 50mm has smaller opening than an f/4 on a 200mm, but an equivalent amount of light travels through both lenses to reach the image sensor thus providing the same exposure.Each movement up the range (say f/2 to f.2.8) reduces the amount of light by one-half, and each movement down the range (say f/11 to f/8) doubles the amount of light passing through the lens.It’s important to understand this concept and how it affects exposure because it works in tandem with the shutter speed (we’ll discuss this in another section) to establish a given exposure value.Basically, when you change the aperture size one stop, you have to shift the shutter speed one stop in the opposite direction to maintain a consistent exposure… and this change in aperture alters the depth of field (DOF) accordingly.5Distance from the LensThe last element affecting depth of field is the distance of the subject from the lens – you can adjust the DOF by changing that distance.For example, the closer an object is to the lens (and the focus is set on that object) the shallower the DOF. Conversely, the reverse is true – the farther away an object is and focused on, the deeper the DOF. Changing the distance to subject is the least practical way to manipulate the depth of field, and by changing the distance from a subject to the lens, you immediately change your image’s composition. To maintain the compositional integrity of the shot, but still have the change in DOF from a distance, you can change the focal length (either by changing lenses or zooming in).Why does changing the focal length negate the effects on DOF? This is because the visual properties of a given lens either provide either greater DOF (shorter lenses) or shallower DOF (longer lenses). The physical properties of a lens at a given focal length also affect the depth of field. A shorter focal length lens (say 27mm) focused at 5 meters, set at f/4 has a deeper DOF (perhaps from 3 meters in front and 20 meters behind) than a longer focal length (say 300mm), also set at f/4 focused at 5 meters. The 300mm lens has a remarkably shallow depth of field.Incidentally, to help you with this, every lens has a manual with a DOF chart for each f/stop and the major focusing distances. DOF is just a matter of physics, and it’s important to grasp this concept.CConclusionManipulation of depth of field is a good way to modify the characteristics of your photo, and manipulating the aperture is the ideal way to do this because it has little or no effect on composition.You simply need to change the shutter speed (or change the light sensitivity – ISO) to compensate for the changes in the exposure from the adjustments to the f-number. Changes in distance and focal length also affect DOF, but these changes have trade-offs in terms of composition.Therefore, changes to aperture are the best way to manipulate DOF without affecting a photo’s composition.

In practice, however, f-stops are the standard measure of aperture for photographers and are the units displayed on stills camera lenses. They offer a ...

The last element affecting depth of field is the distance of the subject from the lens – you can adjust the DOF by changing that distance.

The f-stops work as inverse values, such that a small f/number (say f/2.8) corresponds to a larger or wider aperture size, which results in a shallow depth of field; conversely a large f/number (say f/16) results in a smaller or narrower aperture size and therefore a deeper depth of field.

PURCHASE UNDER. THE MAGNIFYING. GLASS. Use this checklist. Keep more money in your pocket. Avoid buying yourself problems. The budget. □ I will set a total ...

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However, to achieve an identical proper exposure, the shutter speed is probably closer to 1/1000th to compensate for the increased amount of light entering the lens at f/2.8.

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