The Mini-B connection is most often used by portable electronics such as digital cameras, MP3 players and some cell phones, and only with USB 1.1 and 2.0 speeds. There are both four-pin and five-pin versions of the Mini-B connector.

Backward compatibility with USB 3.2, USB 2.0 and Thunderbolt 3: USB4 maintains compatibility with previous versions of the USB specification and, thanks to its Thunderbolt 3 foundation, supports TB3 Alt Mode too.

Social comparison scale: Adaptation of the scale into Turkish, the final selection of 18 items was made by Sahin et al. (1993). The scale has a form consisting of two opposite poles and can be scored 1–6. “I feel inadequate / I feel adequate” is an example from the scale. Having a low total score on the scale reveals a low self-esteem, and a high score points to high self-esteem. In this case, the lowest score that can be obtained is 18 while the highest score is 108 (α = 0.78). There are opposite statements in both sides of two-side scales. The participant chooses whichever expression he or she thinks is closest to him or her.

It is found that there is a positive relation between the type A personality and the crab barrel syndrome, and a negative one between the syndrome and high self-esteem. The findings suggest that by social comparison, type A and type B personality are precursors of crab barrel syndrome. In the study, the theoretical background of the Crab Syndrome was evaluated within the scope of Social Comparison Theory. In this context, examining the relationship between different organizational behavior theories and crab syndrome is important for other studies.

With each new version, USB ports and connectors have become progressively more functional, paving the way for smaller, lighter and more portable devices. However, as new standards bring more speed, power and versatility to market, they also bring a complex assortment of features and capabilities to consider when deciding which cable or peripheral is right for your application.

Pegues (2018) investigated the relationship between crab barrel syndrome and variables such as prejudice, competition, working climate, minority status, organizational discrimination, emotional states, psychological capital, and incivility in organizations. In another study, Soubhari and Kumar (2014) examined the relationship between crab barrel syndrome and job satisfaction. Crab barrel syndrome has also played a role as a barrier to social mobility between cultural and ethnic groups. Examining the concept in its broadest form, Miller (2019) investigated the concepts related to crab barrel syndrome with a phenomenological approach. As can be seen, the number of studies on crab barrel syndrome is quite limited.

The purpose of the study is to reveal the relation of crab barrel syndrome with social comparison and type A and type B personalities. To this end, related concepts were presented in the literature review section, hypotheses were formulated, and the research model was chosen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Crab barrel syndrome (CBS) is a metaphor based on observation of a fisherman catching crabs and putting them into a basket or barrel: the crabs attempt to escape, but they do so by getting on top of each other, pulling others down, and eventually falling back into the basket themselves (Soubhari and Kumar, 2014). The analogy suggests that none of the crabs can actually get out of the basket (Ozdemir and Uzum, 2019). A person with CBS does not want anyone to advance except for himself.

At the beginning of the research, a questionnaire was tested on a group of 50 people in order to ensure the questions were readable, understandable and conceptually normal. The study proper was then conducted. The convenience sampling technique was chosen in sample selection. Employees actively working in health sectors were included in the research, which examined the attitudes and behaviors of employees with a focus on their personalities and tendencies toward social comparison. It is thought that health sector workers will be exposed to stress more intensely and their self-esteem will be higher, due to the nature of their works.

USB TypeB

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The USB4 Gen 2×2 specification (known by its marketing name, USB4 20Gbps) and USB 3.2 Gen 2×2 both offer 20 Gbps connection. USB4 Gen 3×2 (USB4 40Gbps) uses a different data encoding scheme to achieve 20 Gbps per lane and 40 Gbps when in dual lane mode.

It is found that 163 people have type A personality trait while 139 people have type B personality traits when the averages of type A and type B personality in the personality scale are considered. Within this scope, it is detected that type A personality traits are higher with an average of 5.16. It is seen that type B personality (p = 0.054) and low self-esteem (p = 0.065) have not caused a statistically significant difference in crab syndrome when the analysis results are evaluated.

Video and Data Bandwidth Optimization: USB 3.2 allocated fixed bandwidth to data or video or, in DP Alt Mode, gave 100% to video. USB4 dynamically allocates bandwidth to video and data based on actual needs.

Behavioral science defines personality as the reflection of differences in physical, mental, and spiritual characteristics on the behavior and lifestyle of the individual (Durna, 2005). This reflection includes the patterns of thought and behavior displayed in a stable manner (Burger, 2019). Type A and type B personality traits are opposites of each other. People with mostly type A personality traits tend to be fast: they perform actions such as eating, talking, and walking quickly. They are ambitious: upon achieving a goal, they set an even higher goal. Therefore, they are competitive. Competition makes them aggressive, and the feelings of hostility and anger are inherent in their behavior (Luthans, 1995; Kunnanatt, 2003). These characteristics of the type A personality seem to be negative personality traits in the sense that they fuel emotions such as stress, anxiety, and worry. Otherwise, neither type A personality nor type B personality is deemed positive or negative. People with intense type B personality traits do not tend to compete. Unlike type A, they move more slowly. Speed is unimportant to them. Therefore, they lead a calmer and more balanced life and stay away from conflict (Basarangil and Akyildiz Munusturlar, 2018). It is unlikely that all type A and type B personality traits will be reflected in any one individual’s behavior. In other words, we cannot strictly categorize people into type A and type B personalities. An individual may sometimes reveal type A personality traits, and type B at other times. On the individual level, the line between the two personality types is rather blurry, and one can only be said to tend toward type A or type B (Ozsoy, 2013; Akinci et al., 2015).

Every individual wants to be successful. However, CBS creates barriers to individual and group achievement. This research focused on the individual characteristics of CBS. The relationships between A-type personalities, self-esteem, and CBS were examined. Individuals with type A personality have high stress levels. Stress can cause a person to behave in a negative, discourteous ways, not accepting help and ignoring social norms. Competitive, type A individuals conflict with the person or people who hinder their success because they are ambitious. In this respect, it is seen that type A personality traits are disruptive factor in group settings. Research findings also indicate that anxiety, especially anxiety caused by stress, causes CBS. Pegues (2018) stated that competition and emotional states cause uncivil behaviors and these variables act in the same direction as crab barrel syndrome. The relationship between being open to stress as a type A personality trait and crab barrel syndrome is in line with the findings of Soubhari and Kumar (2014). By focusing on competition instead of cooperation, type A personalities show behaviors that sabotage the success of others with ambition. Miller (2019) determined the effect of social comparison theory on CBS. This finding was supported by the analysis of the current study. High self-esteem does not need an environment of conflict and does not worry about competition. It enables individual performance toward the target with high self-confidence. Conversely, low self-esteem results in low-quality work environments and increases CBS.

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Sample size, significance level (α) and effect size need to be determined in order to calculate a statistical power (Cohen et al., 2003). The sample size to be reached at 80% statistical power, α = 0.05 significance level and at 0.30 effect size was calculated as (139 + 139) 278 through the G*Power program in the research. Furthermore, the power calculated as post hoc at α = 0.05 significance level and at 0.30 effect size was determined as 0.80 (Kyriazos, 2018). Shirsavar et al. (2012) also state that the appropriate sampling interval for CFA or SEM can be calculated via the formula (n): 5q ≤ n ≤ 15q. On the other hand, it is sufficient for CFA to represent each group with 100 participants in multi-group variables (Kline, 2016). A total of 302 participants were reached. Participants completed all portions of the questionnaires. Therefore, all forms were included in the analyses. SPSS and AMOS programs were employed to evaluate the questionnaires and the model was tested by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). As an analysis used to evaluate construct validity, CFA tests whether a previously defined construct is correct as a model (Kline, 2016; Orcan, 2018).

It is seen that 162 people have high self-perception while 140 people have low self-perception when the averages of high and low self in the social comparison scale are taken into consideration. Within this scope, it is seen that high self-esteem is higher with an average of 5.25.

The Supplementary material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.792137/full#supplementary-material

The standard, universal connector found on virtually every desktop PC and older laptops, as well as TVs, game consoles and media players. Although USB 3.0 Type-A (blue) connectors have more internal pins, the form factor is the same, so it can operate in any Type-A port, even USB 1.1. Data transfer, however, will be at the speed of the older generation.

Highly competitive environments and low level self-esteem trigger CBS. We are thought that the establishment of an effective system of distributive and administrative justice will reduce CBS. It is thought that CBS, which hinders the success of others in environments where competition is intense, can be resolved with merit. Where there is merit, the competition remains within the limits of respectable behavior. It is an important function of human resources managers to express the criteria on which merit will be judged clearly in job interviews. Because CBS includes competition behaviors as well. Human resources managers can determine the attitudes and behavior tendencies of employees by applying personality tests in recruitment. They can also assist in providing social, career, and managerial support. Barriers to career development arising from the structure of the organization can be eliminated with alternatives such as job enrichment, job shaping, rotation, or project-based work. These alternatives strengthen the employee’s feeling of being supported by the management and can increase the self-esteem of the person. In addition, we are thought that the development of different human resources practices such as group activities or leadership games will be effective in reducing the effect of CBS.

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Boost the functionality of the USB or Thunderbolt™ port on your MacBook or laptop with a portable, smartphone-sized USB docking station. The latest Thunderbolt™ 3 docks offer up to a blazing 40 Gbps bidirectional data transfer speed, ideal for quickly transferring large media files between devices. When Wi-Fi is weak or unavailable, they can provide access to a wired Ethernet network. They offer a simple way to add robust Thunderbolt™ to HDMI or Thunderbolt™ to DisplayPort functionality to a device, and support playing true 4K high-resolution video and digital audio on two large displays simultaneously.

On the most basic level, USB standards simply let a host, such as your computer or tablet, communicate with peripherals and other devices. But as specifications evolve, USB has become more than a mere data interface. Below are the latest USB functions available on many of today's devices. A device may support one or more of these functions:

The small number of studies on crab barrel syndrome narrows the room for comparison. However, the findings of this study indicate that social comparison and type A personality are the precursors of crab barrel syndrome.

Crab barrel syndrome scale: The scale was developed by Uzum and Ozdemir (2020). The scale, consisting of five items and a single structure, was designed as a 5-point Likert scale. “That my colleagues are more successful than me makes me anxious” is an example from the scale (α = 0.74).

10ft usb-ccable

It is seen that Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients are between 0.76 and 0.93 when the values in the table are taken into account. Since the CR coefficients are between 0.75 and 0.92, internal consistency reliability is ensured. Fornell and Larcker (1981) state that an AVE is less than 0.5 but a CR is greater than 0.6 is sufficient for convergent validity. AVE values between 0.44 and 0.52 in the study reveal convergent validity (Hair et al., 2014).

This research aims to fill the gap in the Turkish literature, and to shed light on crab syndrome with social comparison theory. The research explains type A and type B personality traits on the axis of social comparison theory, and it is claimed that these two concepts, that is the individual behaviors, can be the antecedent of the crab syndrome in the organizations. It is predicted that the Crab syndrome can cause undesirable results in the organizations. In this context, determining the causes of the phenomenon will help in the development of measures to eliminate the behavior. In addition, from an organizational point of view, it will prevent individuals from wasting their energy on such behaviors.

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

With DisplayPort Alt Mode, USB-C connectors and cables have the ability to transmit both USB data and VGA, DVI, HDMI or DisplayPort video and/or audio. Adapters are available to connect DisplayPort over USB-C to VGA, DVI, HDMI and DisplayPort monitors. DisplayPort Alt Mode does not require the use of drivers, making it plug-and-play.

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Most commonly used to connect printers and external hard drives to desktop computers, the Type-B port actually has two different configurations. One is specific to USB 1.1 and 2.0 speed protocols, while the other is for use with the USB 3.0 and later spec.

In the 1990s, office desktops were a tangled mess of serial, parallel and proprietary cables. Universal Serial Bus (USB) changed all of that, simplifying computer connectivity through a small, inexpensive interface: the USB Type-A (USB-A) port/connector. With billions of USB devices now in daily use, USB is the dominant wired interface for laptops, tablets and phones.

Type A and type B personality scale: The 7-item scale consisting of two opposite poles can be scored 1–8. “I am not competitive / I am competitive.” is an example of an item from the scale. The points obtained are multiplied by three. Those who score below 100 are considered to have a type B personality, and scores above 100 characterize a type A personality. The Turkish adaptation of the scale was made by Ozsoy (2013) (α = 0.78).

What is USB4 Fabric? The word fabric is a metaphor used to describe a network of interconnecting nodes, such as switches. When illustrated, the crisscross pattern resembles woven cloth. The term has been adopted by the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF) to describe how USB4's tunneling architecture dynamically manages the connection between USB4 routers so multiple protocols can simultaneously share the fabric's resources.

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Crab mentality is learned as part of a community’s culture. In societies with this mentality, successful individuals are seen as a threat to those who want to maintain their position and power (Tagle, 2021). Another formulation suggests that those who try to step forward and disrupt the relationship of integrity are punished in order to prevent the deterioration of the social order and preserve the perception of equality in the society (Baldacchino, 2008). Tall Poppy Syndrome, a similar concept that draws attention to social equality, describes a cultural perception that the people, having “high-status,” deserve better place than they have (Marques et al., 2022). Dasborough and Harvey (2017) explain that cutting the tapering Poppy causes the feelings called “malicious happiness” for those in lower positions. Crab Syndrome, on the other hand, means that individuals, who get promotion, experience the feelings, such as stress, jealousy and anxiety when they encounter their rivals. In other words, crab syndrome is not concerned with whether someone else deserves the place they are in, as in Tall Poppy Syndrome. The concept, also called crab barrel, refers to the attitudes and behaviors of individuals who believe that they should be more successful than others, want others to fail, and cannot tolerate their success (Uzum and Ozdemir, 2020). The opinion of the person appears, due to the comparison. The individual struggles to find out the level of performance and personal development by comparing it with other individuals around her or him. This process is based on social comparison theory (Festinger, 1954). The behavior of an individual cannot be evaluated, independently, from her or his personality although there are various personality types. For example, Type A personality wants to obtain a higher level by being ambitious and competitive or when she or he succeeds. Therefore, the essence of the competition is based on compare and contrast. She or he can be stressful, worried, angry and feel frustration (Soubhari and Kumar, 2014) when he fails to manage this process as she or he plans (Chen, 2010). These feelings and thoughts have effect on the behaviors (Ozdemir and Uzum, 2019), and thus, it triggers that the crab syndrome occurs. Miller’s research on the Crab syndrome (2019) is the most comprehensive research, in terms of phenomenological while Soubhari and Kumar (2014) deal with the crab syndrome from a quantitative perspective, along with the work stress. On the other hand, Pegues (2018) focuses on the crab syndrome in the way of workplace incivility behaviors toward black professionals. As you see, there are very little research discussing the crab syndrome. In addition, it has been observed that the social sharing, known as outcome of Tall Poppy Syndrome, is focused (Dasborough and Harvey, 2017). Sternberg (2019) emphasizes the power of creativity and skill development to cope with the consequences of Tall Poppy Syndrome while Pierce et al. (2017) point out the power of successful self-regulation to deal with the results of this syndrome. Marques et al. (2022) examines Social Dominance Theory, authority, political ideology, and self-esteem as antecedents.

Thunderbolt™ 3 technology supports vibrant 4K video resolution on dual DisplayPort displays simultaneously, an ideal feature for digital signage and high-performance gaming.

Multiple Data and Display Protocols: USB4 supports USB 3.2, PCIe and DisplayPort 1.4a through a technique called protocol tunneling. DisplayPort and Thunderbolt 3 are also supported via Alt Mode.

Up to 240W of power can be delivered across a single USB-C cable, eliminating the need for a separate power brick. This is especially useful for peripherals that draw higher power levels, such as an external hard drive. Not all devices or ports will support USB Power Delivery, however; consult your device's specifications chart or owner's manual if you are uncertain. For more on USB charging, see our primer on USB Charging.

Alternate Modes allow the data pins on a USB Type-C connector to carry other types of signals. For example, DisplayPort Alt Mode (also referred to as DP Alt Mode) allows a USB-C cable to connect a DP-enabled laptop or tablet directly to a TV or computer monitor with a USB-C port.

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Your USB connections are about to become faster! Products compatible with the Thunderbolt™ 3 standard have entered the market. This latest generation offers both power delivery and bidirectional data transfer at speeds up to 4x faster than USB 3.2 Gen 2, and can create never-before-possible computing options for personal devices.

The relation between being incline to stress and the crab syndrome as the personality trait of type A has been clarified in line with the comparison theory, and the relation stress and crab syndrome by Soubhari and Kumar (2014) have been extended. Miller (2019) draws attention to the connection of social comparison theory with the crab syndrome. The analysis results have supported the author’s findings in the phenomenological context. Thus, this research differs from other studies in the literature dealing with the crab syndrome.

The USB-C Type 2.1 specification (announced May, 2021) increases the power capacity of cables and connectors from 100W to 240W, making it possible to power and charge larger, power-hungry devices such as 4K monitors, e-bikes and gaming laptops.

The purpose of the survey was presented to the employees and they were asked to participate. Ethically necessary explanations and voluntary consent information were presented to the participants, and an online questionnaire was given to those who agreed to participate. The survey was conducted between September 1 and December 30, 2020.

USB 4 (officially "USB4" without the space) is an important update, not only for the new capabilities it offers but because it helps to resolve the confusion over USB 3.x naming and, for the most part, it gives users a predictable and consistent experience. The USB4 protocol requires a USB-C to USB-C cable.

The Micro-B connector has one configuration for USB 2.0 and a different configuration for USB 3.0 and later. The Micro-B connector is found on many popular models of Android™ smartphones and external hard drives.

Developed to support devices with a smaller, thinner and lighter form factor. Type-C is slim enough for a smartphone or tablet, yet robust enough for a laptop computer. In fact, many new laptops have eliminated USB-A and RJ45 Ethernet ports and offer USB-C as the only port for video, network, data transfer and charging. This has prompted other protocols, including Thunderbolt™ 3, DisplayPort, MHL, and HDMI, to adopt USB-C as their standard source connector.

Identification of individuals who are “climbing up” within a society, organization, or group is accomplished by comparing that individual with others. This is where social comparison (SC) theory comes in. Social comparison also functions like a SWOT (Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats) analysis of the individual. While it provides awareness of strengths, it contributes to the recognition and development of weaknesses (Yu-Ting and Qing-Qi, 2020). Social comparison helps to understand the Crab Barrel Syndrome (Pierce et al., 2017). Social Comparison Theory (Festinger, 1954) is based on two assumptions. Does the individual see himself or herself at a higher or lower position of the person he or she compares? As a result of the social comparison process, the answer to the question emphasizes the concept of “self-esteem.” If the answer is higher, it means he or she has a high self-esteem perception, if the answer is lower, he or she has a low self-esteem perception. The individuals, who think that they are at a higher level than others as a result of social comparison, are in accord with their environment and have the ability to cope with the difficulties they encounter. According to this theory, similar goals and abilities among individuals cause competition (Garcia et al., 2013). The more an individual perceives that they are similar to the person they target, the more they worry as a result of the comparison (Festinger, 1954; Vardaman et al., 2016). According to another view, individuals may also target those they see as different from themselves (Appel et al., 2016). The main point here is that the anxiety incited by others’ behaviors can negatively affect the individual’s well-being (Sarangi, 2014). Individuals who cannot develop their own abilities and skills have difficulty digesting the success of their competitors. On the other hand, the person will try to deal with feelings that make them feel worthless and inadequate (low self-esteem) in case he or she believes that he or she is at a lower level than others as a result of social comparison (Appel et al., 2016). We can assert that this is the point where crab barrel syndrome emerges. If the individual who compares themselves with others finds those others more successful, they may show anxiety and fear for their own performance and exhibit behaviors in order to hinder others. Research on human behavior shows that crab barrel syndrome is caused by low self-esteem (Tagle, 2021). In fact, those with crab mentality exhibit their thoughts in behaviors such as belittlement, humiliation, harsh criticism, grudge-holding, jealousy, and hostility toward others (Lith, 2017). It is pointed out that the compulsion to make social comparisons and the anxiety of being inferior to others is a cognitive experience related to competition (Tse et al., 2018). Individuals who believe themselves to be superior to others through social comparison are adaptable and have the ability to cope with the difficulties they encounter (Jones and Paulhus, 2014).

A sample size of 200 is suitable for factor analysis (Guilford, 1954). Therefore, the sample of 302 participants in the research is of sufficient size. The demographic structure of the sample is as follows. In terms of gender: 49.7% male (n = 150), 50.3% female (n = 152). In terms of age: 29.1% (n = 88) of the employees are in the 27–33 age range, and 23.8% (n = 72) are in the 34–40 age range. In addition, 45.4% (n = 137) of the participants had a bachelor’s degree, and 56.6% (n = 171) of them are married. Last, 74.8% (n = 226) of the participants work in the private sector.

BÜ suggested research model and writing introduction, conceptual framework, implication, conclusion, and discussion. YO suggested Type A and Type B measurement and collected variables. SK analyzed and writing findings. OO general suggestions for manuscript and writing limitations and suggestions. OS writing conclusion. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

Considering the characteristics of these two personality types, the study puts forth the following hypotheses for personality structures with a tendency to crab barrel syndrome:

USB ports and connectors are sometimes color-coded to indicate the USB specification and features they support. These colors are not required by the USB specification and are not consistent between equipment manufacturers. For example, Intel uses orange to indicate a charging port, whereas a manufacturer of components for industrial equipment chose orange to indicate a USB port with a strong retention mechanism.

USB-A

It has been shown that the type A personality, which is characterized as competitive and ambitious, is more prone to crab barrel syndrome. Pegues (2018) stated that competition and emotional states cause uncivil behaviors and that these variables have a positive relationship with crab barrel syndrome. The findings seem to support Pegues’ (2018) results. Competition-oriented type A personality is found to be positively related to crab barrel syndrome.

If you've ever recharged your phone from your PC's USB port, you know how useful this USB function can be. The BC 1.2 spec defines a new type of port, the charging port, that meets standards to ensure your battery will recharge safely and consistently. It also allows a device to pull more power than a standard USB port for faster charging. A normal USB 2.0 port provides up to 500mA (0.5A) and a USB 3.0 port provides up to 900mA (0.9A). A BC 1.2-compliant port provides up to 1.5A, even while transferring data. It also allows the device being charged to communicate its charging requirements to the USB charger, ensuring an optimal charge.

When buying USB-C cables, make sure to check the charging wattage and USB data rate supported. A charging cable supporting USB 2.0 can be longer than USB 3.x and USB4 cables but is limited to a 480 Mbps data transfer rate and will not support alt-modes.

Crab barrel syndrome hinders agreement on goals and methods in organizations or among individuals, rendering conflict unproductive (Ozdemir and Uzum, 2019) and blocking the success of individuals with potential. Consequently, individuals’ motivation may be eroded.

USB OTG allows mobile devices such as a smartphone or tablet to act as a host to other USB devices such as flash drives, keyboards and mice. With USB OTG, a mobile device can utilize the functionality of the peripherals while still being able to connect to a computer and present itself as a mass storage device to be used on the computer. USB OTG-compliant devices will require an OTG adapter to allow for the connection of peripherals.

The naming convention recently adopted for USB 3.2 incorporates speed x lanes. For example, USB 3.2 Gen 1x2 means 5 Gbps x 2 lanes, for a connection speed of 10 Gbps.

On computers, tablets and peripherals you will typically find at least one of these three different types of USB ports. On newer devices, USB‐C is preferred for its small size, fast data transfer rate and ability to carry up to 240W of power. USB‐C cables can also carry high‐resolution 4K and 8K video. Lightning is similar in function to USB‐C but uses a different connector.

The research model is shown in Figure 1. The aim of this study is to discover the antecedents of crab barrel syndrome and understand the degree of relationship between the factors on the left and crab barrel syndrome.

USB has evolved through a series of standards (see Table 1) that specify how cables connect, communicate and supply power to computers, mobile devices and peripherals. The latest iteration is USB4 and, like previous versions, it represents another leap forward in data transfer speed, video resolution and power.

Will Apple Support USB4? Apple's new MacBooks and Mac Mini will be the first to use Apple Silicon's own Arm-based processors, so there was some doubt surrounding support for USB4. However, Apple was able to implement support for both USB4 and Thunderbolt 3 in time for the product rollouts.

Does USB-C support USB 2.0? It can but first let's clarify the difference between USB-C and USB. USB-C is a physical connector and, despite the name, it does not imply support for any particular version of the USB standard. In fact, a USB-C connector can be used to connect peripherals using other interface standards such as Thunderbolt 3.

What is Protocol Tunneling? When devices talk to one another, they do so using a protocol. If both devices can speak and understand the same protocol, a connection can be established. Conceptually, Protocol Tunneling creates a "pipe" with one protocol and uses it to send data in another protocol. USB4 Protocol Tunneling creates a USB-C tunnel through which DisplayPort or PCIe data can be sent. USB4 Protocol Tunneling is similar to Alt Mode but doesn't require a DP or PCIe controller.

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Up to 40Gbps Data Transfer Rate: USB4 devices are required to support 20 Gbps (2.4 GB/sec). They can optionally support 40 Gbps (4.8 GB/sec) if they use the shorter 0.8 meter Gen 3 cable.

This research demonstrated that social comparison and type A personality as the first sources of CBS motivate practitioners. It indicates that competitive, impetuous, ambitious personalities exhibit low self-esteem and disruptive, conflict-inducing behaviors. It focusses on the individual causes of the behaviors that hinder success and reduce the performance of other individuals in the work environment. The small number of studies on the concept of CBS limits comparisons. However, according to the results of the research, it was determined that social comparison as well as type A and type B personalities were the antecedents of CBS and varied in severity and direction with CBS.

There are epistemological studies about the main concept, Crab Syndrome. In this context, the study aims to reveal the antecedents of the Crab Syndrome by evaluating the theoretical background of the Crab Barrel Syndrome within the framework of Social Comparison Theory. The main purpose of this study is to identify the precursors of crab barrel syndrome. In line with this main purpose, the study also aims to reveal the relationship between crab barrel syndrome behaviors and type A versus type B personalities, along with the effect of social comparison behaviors. Type A personality represents the personalities of individuals who are stressed, ambitious, competitive, and quickly take action for their aims. Type B, on the other hand, presents the personality types of individuals who are calm, away from competition, and perform their actions slowly.

To put it another way: crab barrel syndrome is the thought “If I cannot do it, neither can you,” mixed with jealousy or hatred and turned into behavior (Caples, 2016). It is the display of negative behaviors by a person dominated by jealousy and feeling anxious or worried in the face of others’ success. Crab barrel syndrome can psychologically hurt both the person exhibiting crab mentality and the person being targeted, and results in social affairs in which at least the two parties interact (Ozdemir and Uzum, 2019) and often leads to conflict.

100 Watt Charging: All USB4 devices support USB Power Delivery. When a device is connected to a USB4 port, USB PD negotiates a "contract" to deliver power, safely supplying up to 100 W (5A/20V).

TypeBCable

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Suggestions constructed in the model were tested and supported. The H1 hypothesis for the effect of social comparison on crab barrel syndrome was supported (β = −0.14; p = 0.03). High self-scores reduce the tendency of crab barrel syndrome. The H2 hypothesis for type A personality, which was determined by personality score averages, was supported (β = 0.12; p = 0.01). In addition, the predictive variables explain 22% of the crab syndrome according to the R2 value.

USB TypeC

Examining all the variables that cause crab barrel syndrome is beyond the scope and capacity of this study. For the sake of applicability, the research focused on a few key variables: social comparison and type A and type B personalities. But there are many other psychological, sociological, and environmental factors that influence crab barrel syndrome. This study was carried out on employees affiliated with a health sector in Turkey however it may be possible to obtain different findings in different sample or social groups. Researching in the larger group and different countries will provide an opportunity to generalize the findings. The research sought to understand the traits of people who exhibited crab barrel syndrome. Conclusions affirm that the two concepts are the precursors of crab barrel syndrome. Future researchers are encouraged to explore the consequences of crab barrel syndrome or its associations with other variables. The proliferation of research on crab barrel syndrome will allow data to be compared.

MicroUSB Cable

Developed to support devices with a smaller, thinner and lighter form factor. Type-C is slim enough for a smartphone or tablet, yet robust enough for a laptop computer. In fact, many new laptops have eliminated USB-A and RJ45 Ethernet ports and offer USB-C as the only port for video, network, data transfer and charging. This has prompted other protocols, including Thunderbolt™ 3, DisplayPort, MHL, and HDMI, to adopt USB-C as their standard source connector. Alternate Modes allow the data pins on a USB Type-C connector to carry other types of signals. For example, DisplayPort Alt Mode (also referred to as DP Alt Mode) allows a USB-C cable to connect a DP-enabled laptop or tablet directly to a TV or computer monitor with a USB-C port. The USB-C Type 2.1 specification (announced May, 2021) increases the power capacity of cables and connectors from 100W to 240W, making it possible to power and charge larger, power-hungry devices such as 4K monitors, e-bikes and gaming laptops.

To understand USB data transfer rates, you need to know a little about the design of the USB-C connector. A USB Type-C connector has four pairs of pins known as "lanes" that transmit (TX) and receive (RX) data (see highlighted pins in Figure 1 below). USB 3.0 (5 Gbps) and USB 3.1 (10 Gbps) use one TX lane and one RX lane, depending on the orientation of the connector. USB 3.2 takes advantage of all four lanes to achieve a 20 Gbps data rate.

It is designed quantitatively, employing scales to quantify type A and type B personalities, social comparison, and crab barrel syndrome. Hypotheses are tested using structural equation modeling.

Reviewed by: Anushree Karani, Gujarat Technological University, India; Miriam Lacey, Pepperdine University, United States

The competition set off by social comparison manifests itself in individuals’ career aspirations, too − perhaps best expressed with the phrase “if I cannot have it, neither can anybody” (Caples, 2016). Crab has a mindset that does not want others to advance and does not like competition which is where crab barrel syndrome becomes a subject of interest in organizational behavior studies and human resources management. Soubhari and Kumar (2014) indicate the causes of crab barrel syndrome to be feelings such as stress, anxiety, jealousy, and disrespect felt when comparing one’s own performance with that of others. These feelings also reduce the level of trust in one’s relationships with others. Perceiving individuals who are undesirable to compete (which they want to suppress) as a threat depends on determining a reference point. The reference point is identified by comparison. Therefore, we can assume that crab barrel syndrome emerges as a result of social comparison. All these inferences lead us to the following hypothesis:

Normality of the data was checked by skewness and kurtosis values. As long as these values are within ±1.5 confidence intervals, the distribution is considered normal (Tabachnick and Fidell, 2019). Correlation, reliability and validity analyzes of the variables in the model have been conducted and the results are presented in Table 1.

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In the organizational behavior literature, there are concepts and personality theories to explain personality such as six-factor personality, dark triple, Holland’s personality types (Lee and Ashton, 2004; Jones and Paulhus, 2014). The features that characterize the individual, namely his personality, can also cause anxiety, fear and stress. Although there are various personality types in the literature, type A and type B personalities, which are associated with stress (Ghasemian and Kumar, 2017; James and Sidin, 2017; Verma and Mansuri, 2018), are frequently addressed in today’s studies. Stress is a person’s reaction to the negativity s/he experiences in his or her environment, and the ability to cope with stress is related to personality traits (Lazarus, 1996; Ayesha, 2020).

It has been determined that the goodness of fit values is not in the desired range when the analysis results of the measurement model are examined. The values for analysis are x2 = 2140.30, df = 505; RMSEA = 0.08; CFI = 0.88 and p = 0.04; SRMR=0.064. Therefore, SC7 (0.254) and SC13 (0.401) factor loads in the Social Comparison scale have been excluded from the measurement model because they are low. Similarly, it has been found appropriate to exclude the variables AB6 (0.201) and AB7 (0.198) of the personality scale from the measurement. In conclusion, it has been observed that the goodness of fit values is at an acceptable level (Jöreskog and Sörborn, 1993). As a result of the modifications, the proposed fit values were found to be close to the standard fit values (Wolniewicz et al., 2018). The accepted goodness of fit values of the model as found x2 = 603.84, df = 290; RMSEA = 0.06, CFI = 0.91 and p = 0.04; SRMR = 0.056). Factor loads are between 0.45 and 0.81.