OZ Optics’ ER-100 series of polarization extinction ratio meters allows one to quickly measure the output extinction ratio of light from a fiber. A rotating polarizer measures the extinction ratio and the orientation of the transmission axis with respect to the key on the connector. As an option, neutral density filters can be added to the ER-100 extinction ratio meters to extend the maximum power range. These filters can be easily inserted and removed without disturbing your setup and allow power levels up to 2 W to be measured. The ER-100 meters operate in several modes. In real time mode, the meter gives the extinction ratio and alignment. In logging mode, the meter gives the worst-case extinction ratio over a given time span. This mode is ideal for QA measurements. In addition, the meter can provide a relative power readout, proportional to the input power in dB. This readout is updated at up to 650 times per second. The computer interface allows the unit to be used with computer control units, for alignment purposes. The combination of polarization and relative power functions allows the unit to be used for complete auto-alignment of polarization maintaining components. Key Features:

Light microscope

Dr Bronwyn Lowe describes her use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to explore harakeke leaves. Bronwyn found that different harakeke varieties have differently patterned waxes on the leaf surface. She also explored the distribution of fibre (muka) in the leaves of different varieties.

This SEM image of tin spheres of various sizes (used to calibrate the microscope) was taken by Liz Girvan. It won an image competition in Otago and has attracted worldwide interest.

What ismicroscope in science

Associate Professor Tony Poole shares his story about the primary cilium, a structure of the surface of cells that seems to monitor what’s going on in the cell surroundings. This elusive structure was first tracked down using microscopes, and many aspects of how it works remain mysterious. In the article A closer look at the cell’s antenna, see how Tony is using microscopes to build a 3D computer model of the primary cilium.

Using the earliest microscopes, scientists glimpsed a world of unimaginable complexity – and they wanted to know more. To satisfy this urge, microscope technology became more sophisticated over time, letting us look more and more closely at objects. We’ve been able to ask more specific questions about the object we’re viewing: What does its surface or internal structure look like? What is it made up of? How does it change over time? For each of these questions, specialised microscopes have now been developed that can provide the answers.

Dr Rebecca Campbell (University of Otago) discusses the importance of fluorescent molecules in confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy (‘confocal microscopy’) of cells. She explains how green fluorescent protein (GFP) from jellyfish can be used to make specific neurons glow green.

Handheld Type; 400 to 2400 nm; Extinction Ratio Range 30, 35, 40 dB; Extinction Ratio Accuracy ±1 dB; Angular Accuracy ±0.5°; Adapter Type FC/PC, ST, E2000, SC, LC, MU, Universal 1.25/2.5 mm

Microscope parts and functions

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At the University of Otago, Dr Bronwyn Lowe and Māori weavers have been working closely together to explore several properties of harakeke (New Zealand flax). In the article Harakeke under the microscope, learn about the differences between harakeke varieties on the microscopic scale and explore how mātauranga Māori (traditional Māori knowledge) can shed light on scientific research.

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Compound microscope

Types of microscope

Our microscope resources invite students to share in the sense of wonder that scientists have felt for centuries looking through the microscope. We look at the diversity of objects on the microscopic scale and introduce several New Zealand scientists who use microscopes to explore the things that interest them. At the same time, we show how microscopes themselves have evolved to look more and more closely at the world around us.

The student activities provide plenty of hands-on experiences. Modelling animal cells in 3D imitates what can be seen under high-resolution microscopes. Using lolly slices to build 3D images and Using shadows to build 3D images model how scientists interpret microscopic data. Ferns under the microscope demonstrates how increasing the power of magnification leads to much greater detail. For younger students use the Making a simple microscope activity – it uses accessible technology to increase students’ ability to observe closely.

Our microscope resources emphasise the link between microscope technology and the science that microscopes have helped uncover. The activity Which microscope is best? is a good starting point for learning how specialised microscopes can help answer different scientific questions.

10 uses of microscope

Applications: Fiber Optic Component Manufacturing; Automated Alignment; Quality Control and Measurement; Product Development; Component or System Troubleshooting

microscope: definition biology

New Zealanders are only too aware of how devastating a major earthquake can be. Professor Dave Prior and his group are looking for clues to how and why earthquakes happen. In the article Squishy rocks and earthquakes and the interactive From mountains to microscopes, follow Dave and the team as they collect rock samples from deep in the Alpine Fault (Westland) and see how microscopy of rocks can shed light on the history of movement in the fault.

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Microscopes are the tools that allow us to look more closely at objects, seeing beyond what is visible with the naked eye. Without them, we would have no idea about the existence of cells or how plants breathe or how rocks change over time. Our understanding of the world around us would be severely limited – and this is why many scientists see microscopes as the most important scientific instrument there is.

Who invented the microscope

We live in a beautiful world – and that beauty and complexity extends far beyond what humans can see unaided. From plant and animal anatomy to cells and proteins and even down to the level of atoms, there are worlds within worlds of detail to be explored on the microscopic scale.

Dr Rebecca Campbell is studying a small group of brain cells (GnRH neurons) that control fertility. Learn about her remarkable discoveries about how these cells interconnect – all done using microscopes of course!

The Exploring with microscopes – question bank provides a list of questions about microscopy and places where their answers can be found. The questions support an inquiry approach.

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