Using a MTF chart is the preferred method for studying lens optical performance as they use theoretical equations to plot a performance graph and don't rely on subjective opinion, subject matter, camera features, software or other factors.

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The MTF chart consists of measurement for the Sagital and Meridonial lines at both 10 lines per millimeter and 30 lines per millimeter. This produces a chart with 4 separate lines.

MTFimage quality

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A MTF chart plots the contrast and resolution of a lens from the center to its edges against a "perfect" lens that would transmit 100% of the light that passes through it. The contrast of a lens is important as this works in correlation to lens resolution.

The line starts on the left of the chart which represents the center of the lens. As the line moves to the right it indicates the edge of the lens, so you can see how the contrast and sharpness of the lens decreases from the center to the edge of the image.

Linear actuators are motion devices that create force and motion in a straight line.  A linear actuator consists of a rotary motor (stepper, brush DC or brushless servo) and a threaded lead screw with a precision nut.  As the motor’s rotor spins, the linear actuator converts the motor’s rotation into linear motion by moving the nut in a straight line.  The push or pull linear motion is achieved directly through the nut and the lead screw.

The x-axis (horizontal axis) shows the distance from the center of the image towards its edges. So, the "0" in the lower left corner represents the center of the lens and the numbers along the lower axis represent the distance out towards the edge of the lens in millimeters.

MTFOptics

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The straight-line movement provided by linear actuators can be used to lift, drop, slide, adjust, tilt, push or pull objects with the simple push of a button.  Linear actuators provide the back-and-forth movement for thousands of items that people use every day, in numerous industries including manufacturing, robotics, healthcare, automotive, aerospace, home automation and many others.

Modulation Transfer Function or "MTF" is a measurement of the optical performance potential of a lens. MTF charts can give you a better understanding of the optical quality of various NIKKOR lenses, and can be useful references when researching, comparing and purchasing a lens. MTF charts can be found on the webpages dedicated to each NIKKOR lens on the Nikon website.

Hybrid Stepper Motor Linear Actuators – are preferred by equipment designers who require high performance and endurance in a very small package. These high-performance hybrid actuators directly drive a rotor drive nut on a stainless steel precision acme lead screw. This patented interface reduces tolerances and noise while increasing efficiency and durability over v-thread and bronze nut configuration commonly used in other linear actuators. Actuators are available in captive, non-captive and external linear configurations.

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A linear actuator actuates - or moves - in a straight line.  The primary reason for designing a linear actuator into a system is to address the need to accurately move a payload in a linear fashion, rather than a rotary one.  The operation of a Linear actuator is simple.  A lead screw (or ball screw) acts to translate the clockwise and counterclockwise rotary force (torque) of the motor into back-and-forth linear motion for a nut traveling along the length of screw.

Linear actuators come in several configurations to fit different applications.  Linear actuators are categorized by their mechanical drive mechanism, guide and housing. The most common types of linear actuators include:

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Below is a MTF chart for the AF-S DX NIKKOR 35mm f/1.8G lens. When measuring a lens' performance for a MTF chart, Nikon tests are carried out with the lens at its maximum (widest) aperture. The contrast of the Sagital and Meridonial line pairs at various points from the lens' center are read and plotted on the chart.

Mtf functionin optical

"Sagital lines" (the solid lines) represent the contrast measurements of pairs of lines that run parallel to a central diagonal line that passes through the middle of the lens from the bottom left hand corner to the top right hand corner.

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"Meridonial lines" (the dotted lines) represent line pairs also positioned along an imaginary line from the center of a lens to the edge but these line pairs are perpendicular to the diagonal line.

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The y-axis (vertical axis) of a MTF chart plots the transmission of light through the lens with a maximum value of "1.0" which would indicate 100% transmittance of the light, although 100% transmittance of light is not possible because glass is not 100% transparent.

Another factor that can be read from the MTF graph is the 'bokeh' of the lens. Bokeh is a term used to describe the quality of the out of focus areas a lens produces. The bokeh effect varies between lenses and the effect is influenced by the quality of the lens elements used and the number of aperture blades in the lens design (more blades produce a better circle and therefore a better 'bokeh' effect). The closer the solid line and the dotted line are together, the softer the out of focus effect will be on a particular lens.

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In general, the higher and flatter the lines the better. Higher lines indicate better contrast (10 lines/mm) or resolution (30 lines/mm) while a flatter (left to right) line shows that the optical performance is close to the same at the edge of the image compared to the center.

The performance, capacity, speed, force and precision of linear actuators is dependent upon a wide range of configuration aspects - including the size of the motor, the diameter of the lead or pitch of the drive screw, the gearbox ratio (if there is one), and any other accessories, such as limit switches and position sensing encoders.

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The red 10 line/mm (10 lines per millimeter) indicates the lens' ability to reproduce low spatial frequency or low resolution. This line indicates the lens' contrast values and the higher and straighter this line is the better; because the higher the line appears the greater the amount of contrast the lens can reproduce. 
The blue 30 line/mm (30 lines per millimeter) indicates the lens' ability to to reproduce higher spatial frequency or higher resolution; this line relates to the resolving power of the lens and again the higher the line the better.

There are two groups of test lines for each Sagital and Meridonial value: one group or line pairs at 10 lines per millimeter and a second group at 30 lines per millimeter. The lower line pairs (10 lines/mm) will generally be plotted higher on the graph than the more challenging fine resolution 30 lines/mm.

While a MTF chart can be used to compare two similar lens from the same manufacturer it can be difficult to compare across different manufacturers due to testing and display differences. Further, a MTF chart measures theoretical optical performance of a lens only. Many factors (camera imaging sensor, camera software settings, filters, subject matter, subject/camera motion, etc.) can greatly affect the final image quality so MTF charts should only be used as a starting point when comparing and purchasing a lens.

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