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What is collimator in spectrometer

To achieve ideal collimation, the size of the illumination source must be minimized or the focal length of the collimating system must be increased. Note that as you increase the focal length of the system, the system must be physically further away from the source. This means that less light will be captured by the focusing system and overall power in the resultant beam is decreased.

I have noticed that most of the parfocal lenses have zoom ratios of 3:1. Maybe this holds the answer: in my study of photography, lenses that have a zoom ratio of 3:1, 2:1, and 1:1 have better quality compared to higher lens ratios, because they produce less chromatic aberration. In my opinion, parfocal lenses have are better since their aberration is less compared to lenses that have zoom ratios of 4:1 or higher.

What is collimator in X ray

See also 'focus breathing', where a change in the focus changes the apparent focal length slightly. Again this is something it's nice to avoid in movie/video work. In general the more you pay, the less they breathe...

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The key though, is, if you have a parfocal lens, use it to shoot at the hyperfocal distance (again, good old Wikipedia can help with an explanation of this - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperfocal_distance ) at a wider aperture than usual in landscapes. This gets us away from f22 and f16 down to sharper apertures like f13 and f11 - while still maintaining front to back sharpness. Many pro's, like David Noton, use this. Look at the technical info on many of his landscapes and they are shot at f11.

Parfocal lens is a lens which remains in focus when you change the focal length. The non-parfocal lens is called varifocal.

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Some level of divergence will always be present when collimating light. In the illustration below, both systems produce collimated light, however, Figures 2 and 4 have more divergence compared to Figures 1 and 3 due to the sources being larger. Figures 2 and 4 can be thought of as a collection of closely spaced ideal point sources. Individually, each point creates a ray bundle of parallel rays, but as a collection the series of “point sources” create a beam with some divergence. The divergence exists because, as the size of the source increases, the source’s distance from the optical axis increases, and thus the resultant ray bundle’s angle increases with respect to the optical axis.

A collimated beam of light is defined when every ray within the beam is parallel to every other ray. To produce collimated light you can either place an infinitesimally small source exactly one focal length away from an optical system with a positive focal length or you can observe the point source from infinitely far away. In the real world, neither of these scenarios are possible. In addition, diffraction theory tells us that even if one of these scenarios were met, there would still be some divergence.

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Use of collimator in x ray

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Parfocal lenses remain in focus when you change the focal length as previously stated. They are most useful for movie/video work - it's awkward to keep having to pull focus as your zoom changes.

I heard someone say that after using a parfocal lens for the first time, they would never switch back. What is a parfocal lens, how is it different from any other lens, and what are the advantages and disadvantages for photography? Would you pay extra for this or prefer it over varifocal?

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It is very convenient to focus at the maximum focal length and change the zoom afterwards. It is more important for manual-focus lens because a well functioning auto-focus can quickly adjust the lens to keep it in focus.

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Lens design is always a series of trade-offs, if money, size and weight are no object you can build a lens that will be parfocal, fast and have high quality optically. So in the movie business they end up with lenses like this: http://www.flickr.com/photos/mrmitch/2185341989/in/photostream

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To minimize divergence of a collimated beam two factors must be balanced: focal length of the collimating system and size of the light source. Equation 1 approximates the divergence of a collimated beam: