Polarizationexamples

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The objective lens of a microscope forms a magnified, real, intermediate image of the sample or specimen which is then magnified further by the eyepieces or oculars and observed by the user as a virtual image. When a camera is used to observe the sample, then a phototube lens is installed after the objective in addition to, or even in place of, the eyepieces. The phototube lens forms a real image of the sample onto the camera sensor. The objective’s numerical aperture (NA), its ability to gather light, largely determines the microscope’s resolution or resolving power to distinguish fine details of the sample. Also, the working distance, the distance between the sample and objective, and the depth of field, the depth of the space in the field of view within which the sample can be moved without noticeable loss of image sharpness, both greatly depend on the properties of the objective lens. For more information, refer to: Collecting Light: The Importance of Numerical Aperture in Microscopy, How Sharp Images Are Formed, & Optical Microscopes – Some Basics & Labeling of Objectives

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PROVIDENCE, R.I. [Brown University] — Political polarization among Americans has grown rapidly in the last 40 years — more than in Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia or Germany — a phenomenon possibly due to increased racial division, the rise of partisan cable news and changes in the composition of the Democratic and Republican parties.

Leica apochromats are objectives for applications with highest specifications in the visual range and beyond, offering field flatness up to 25 mm. The absolute values of the focus differences for the red wavelength and the blue wavelength to green wavelength (3 colors) are ≤ 1.0 x depth of field of the objective.

Americans’ feelings toward members of the other political party have worsened over time faster than those of residents of European and other prominent democracies, concluded a study co-authored by Brown economist Jesse Shapiro.

For standard applications, Leica Microsystems offers an extensive range of top-class microscope objectives. There are also Leica objectives which have been optimized for special applications. The highest-performance Leica objectives feature maximum correction and optical efficiency and have won several awards. All over the world, scientists are relying on Leica microscope objectives to gain insights into their area of research.

The trio argue that the data speak against the rise of the internet as a major cause of political polarization because all nine countries have seen a pronounced rise in internet use, but not all of them have seen a rise in polarization. The conclusion is consistent with other studies they have conducted, including one in 2018 that cast doubt on the hypothesized role of the web in the 2016 U.S. presidential election and another in 2017 that concluded greater internet use among Americans is not associated with faster growth in polarization.

Leica semi-apochromats are objectives for applications in the visual spectral range with higher specifications, offering field flatness up to 25 mm. The absolute values of the focus differences for the red wavelength and the blue wavelength to green wavelength (3 colors) are ≤ 2.5x depth of field of the objective.

The optics of the most basic microscope includes an objective lens and ocular or eyepiece. The objective lens is closest to the sample, specimen, or object being observed with the microscope (see the schematic diagram below). For more information, refer to the article: Optical Microscopes – Some Basics Show schematic diagram

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Polarizationpolitics

In the study, Shapiro and colleagues present the first ever multi-nation evidence on long-term trends in “affective polarization” — a phenomenon in which citizens feel more negatively toward other political parties than toward their own. They found that in the U.S., affective polarization has increased more dramatically since the late 1970s than in the eight other countries they examined — the U.K., Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Germany, Switzerland, Norway and Sweden.

Plane ofpolarization

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To make it easier for you to find which Leica objectives work best for your microscope and application, you can take advantage of the Objective Finder

Polarizationdefinition psychology

Leica achromats are powerful objectives for standard applications in the visual spectral range, offering field flatness (OFN) up to 25 mm. The absolute value of the focus differences between red wavelength and blue wavelength (2 colors) is ≤ 2x depth of field of the objective.

The researchers found that polarization had also risen in Canada, New Zealand and Switzerland in the last 40 years, but to a lesser extent. In the U.K., Australia, Germany, Norway and Sweden, polarization decreased.

That “party sorting” seems to be less pronounced in some of the other countries included in the study, Shapiro said — but it has perhaps played a role in deepening divisions in Canada.

All Leica objectives are marked with codes and labels. These identify the objective, its most important optical performance properties, and the main applications it can be used for. For more information, refer to: Labeling of Objectives

Ball lenses are used in various optical systems and applications, primarily for focusing or collimating light. Due to their symmetrical shape, ball lenses ...

Do you need an individual objective for your application? Then contact our Leica OEM Optic Center so that we can offer you a customized solution.

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Why has the U.S. become so much more polarized? Shapiro said it may be partly because, since the 1970s, major political parties have become increasingly aligned with certain ideologies, races and religious identities. For example, Republicans are now more likely to be religious, while Democrats are more likely to be secular.

Another explanation for the increase in polarization — one that also seems relatively unique to the U.S., according to Shapiro — is the rise of 24-hour partisan cable news. Shapiro noted that in the countries where political polarization has fallen in the last four decades, public broadcasting received more public funding than it did in the U.S.

That’s according to new research co-authored by Jesse Shapiro, a professor of political economy at Brown University. The study, conducted alongside Stanford University economists Levi Boxell and Matthew Gentzkow, was released on Monday, Jan. 20, as a National Bureau of Economic Research working paper.

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“A lot of analysis on polarization is focused on the U.S., so we thought it could be interesting to put the U.S. in context and see whether it is part of a global trend or whether it looks more exceptional,” Shapiro said. “We found that the trend in the U.S. is indeed exceptional.”

Shapiro said that understanding the root causes of political polarization, both in the U.S. and elsewhere in the world, could help politicians and citizens alike understand how the phenomenon may be driving their decisions and preferences — and it could ultimately reveal strategies for bridging divides.

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Using data from four decades of public opinion surveys conducted in the nine countries, the researchers used a so-called “feeling thermometer” to rate attitudes on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 reflected no negative feelings toward other parties. They found that in 1978, the average American rated the members of their own political party 27 points higher than members of the other major party. By 2016, Americans were rating their own party 45.9 points higher than the other party, on average. In other words, negative feelings toward members of the other party compared to one’s own party increased by an average of 4.8 points per decade.

“There are good reasons to think that when people in different political camps cease to respect each other, it’s harder to make political compromises and create good public policy,” Shapiro said. “There’s also some evidence that a person’s political identity can influence their behavior — what they buy, where they live, who they hire. If we can understand what’s driving partisan divides, we may be able to take steps to reduce them.”

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Polarizationin Chemistry

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Leica microscope objective lenses are designed and made by our optics specialists to have the highest performance with a minimum of aberrations. The objectives help to deliver superior microscope image quality for many applications, such as life science and materials research, industrial quality control and failure analysis, and medical and surgical imaging.

SPECTRAL REGION. WAVELENGTH RANGE (microns). TEMPERATURE RANGE (degrees Kelvin) ; Near-Infrared. (0.7-1) to 5. 740 to (3,000-5,200) ; Mid-Infrared. 5 to (25-40) ...

“There’s evidence that within the U.S., the two major political parties have become more homogeneous in certain ways, including ideologically and socially,” Shapiro said. “So when you identify with a certain party and you’re looking across the aisle, the people you’re looking at are more different from you than they were a few decades ago.”

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