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Common sources of error include inaccuracies in measuring distances, misalignment of the lens and light source, and errors in drawing the ray diagrams. Additionally, lens imperfections and external light interference can affect the sharpness of the image, leading to measurement errors.

The principle involves using the lens formula and ray diagrams. By tracing the paths of light rays that pass through the lens, one can determine where the rays converge to form an image. The distance between the lens and the point where the rays converge is the focal length.

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Set up the lens on a holder and place the light source at a known distance from the lens. Position the screen on the other side of the lens to capture the image. Adjust the screen until a sharp image is formed. Measure the distance between the lens and the screen; this distance is the image distance. Use these measurements to draw a ray diagram and determine the focal length.

Start by drawing the principal axis and the lens at the center. Draw at least two rays from the top of the object: one parallel to the principal axis that refracts through the focal point on the other side, and one passing through the center of the lens that continues in a straight line. The point where these rays converge on the other side of the lens is the image point. Measure the distance from the lens to this point to find the focal length.

To graphically determine the focal length, you typically need a converging lens, a light source (like a distant object or a collimated light beam), a screen to capture the image, a ruler or measuring tape, and a piece of graph paper or a whiteboard for drawing the ray diagrams.