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Up to here, we have spoken about the near-infrared transmittance measurement of liquids; however, the near-infrared transmittance method is also effective for measuring solids. Figure 4 shows a near-infrared transmittance spectrum of 1 mm thick polystyrene. It is clear that in near-infrared measurement, there is almost no saturation in the absorption of the 1 mm thick sample. A mid-infrared transmittance spectrum of a polystyrene sample having the same 1 mm thickness is shown in Figure 5. Here, the absorption saturation is evident. In measurement of solids, as shown here, samples of thickness that would be accompanied by absorption saturation in mid-infrared transmittance measurement can be measured without absorption saturation in the near-infrared region.

It is clearly seen that, as the temperature increases, the peak around 7,000 cm-1 shifts toward the higher wavenumber side. Table 1 shows the absorbance values with respect to temperature changes at 6,890 cm-1 (peak position at 25 °C). Table 1 Temperature and Absorbance of Water at 6,890 cm-1

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As an example of aqueous solution measurement, Figure 2 shows the near-infrared spectrum of an ethanol aqueous solution. A cell with a path length of 1 mm was used. The absorption of water along with that of the dissolved ethanol was clearly confirmed. Thus, measurement of an aqueous solution, which is difficult in the mid-infrared region due to absorption saturation, is relatively easy in the near-infrared region.

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Measurements that are often conducted in the near-infrared region include the transmittance measurement of solutions. There are a variety of measurement samples that fall into this category, and aqueous solutions are one type. As is commonly known, the molecular extinction coefficient of water in the mid-infrared region is extremely large, and in most cases saturation occurs in absorption associated with the solvents. Therefore, there are many instances where the absorption associated with other substances cannot be confirmed. In contrast, when a 1 mm path length cell is used to conduct near-infrared transmittance measurement, in almost all regions, the absorption of substances present in the water can be confirmed (although this can be difficult at low concentrations). In addition, in the near-infrared region, as in the visible region, the absorption of glass and quartz is barely seen. Therefore, chemically stable and easy-to-handle glass and quartz can be used as materials for window plates and cells for measurement.

In measurement of this type of aqueous solution and samples with high water content, it is necessary to consider the factor of temperature. Figure 3 shows the spectra of water acquired at different temperatures between 25 and 80 °C.

Near-infrared light generally refers to light within the wavenumber range of 12,500 to 4,000 cm-1 (wavelengths from 800 to 2,500 nm) (see Fig. 1). Absorption of near-infrared light, like that of mid-infrared light, is based on the vibration of the material. However, near-infrared light absorption is much weaker in intensity as compared with mid-infrared light absorption, since near-infrared light absorption is based on overtones and combined tones in the mid-infrared light region. Therefore, measurement of samples showing weak absorption is difficult, but the fact that samples can be measured without being diluted is an advantageous feature. Furthermore, as solvents themselves show weak absorption, aqueous solutions are also relatively easy to measure. Various methods of near-infrared absorption measurement are known, such as the transmittance and diffuse reflectance methods, and these will be introduced using measurement examples.

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Fourier Transform Infrared spectrophotometers (FTIR) are mainly used to measure light absorption of so-called mid-infrared light, light in the wavenumber range of 4,000 to 400 cm-1 (wavelengths 2.5 to 25 µm), in order to identify and quantify various materials. By modifying the FTIR's interferometer beam splitter and detector to accommodate near-infrared light, FTIR spectrophotometers that can be used for near-infrared light measurement have been developed and commercialized. Measurement of near-infrared light is different in some ways from that of mid-infrared light, and some of the characteristics and considerations associated with near-infrared light absorption should be noted. Here we introduce some actual sample measurement examples to illustrate points that should be considered.

As can be confirmed from these figures, extremely high-resolution data can be obtained when measurement is conducted using the interferometer-equipped FTIR. The peak around wavelength 1.685 µm (5,950 cm-1) is separated into two. In contrast, the peak appears as a single peak in the case of the UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer, which uses dispersive elements. Although it depends on the instrument and measurement attachments, in transmittance measurement, a resolution of 8 to 16 cm-1 can be obtained using the typical settings with the FTIR, while it is about 50 cm-1 (5 nm by wavelength) around 10,000 cm-1 with the UV-Vis-NIR Spectrophotometer. On the other hand, the UV-Vis-NIR Spectrophotometer is generally acknowledged to provide better repeatability of absorbance values than the FTIR.

Here we introduced characteristics and points to consider with respect to transmittance measurement in the near-infrared region. Next time, we will introduce methods of measurement other than the transmittance measurement method.

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Thus, it can be seen that as the temperature changes, the absorbance also changes in accordance with the wavenumber shift. For this reason, in near-infrared measurement of samples that contain water, absorbance around water absorption will fluctuate unless measurement is conducted at a constant temperature. The main cause of peak shift shown here is said to be temperature-induced changes in the hydrogen bond of the water molecules. Just to touch on the topic of the change in the hydrogen bond, in the near-infrared region, since there is a big difference in the peak positions of the hydrogen-bonded OH group and the non-hydrogen-bonded OH group, and since the peak intensity of the non-hydrogen-bonded OH group is relatively large, measurement is often conducted with respect to the hydrogen bond (Shimadzu Application News No. A365).

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Ultraviolet-visible near-infrared (UV-Vis-NIR) spectrophotometers are also capable of measuring near-infrared spectra. However, the construction of UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometers is different from that of FTIR spectrophotometers, and there are differences in data obtained by these two types of instruments. Following are examples of o-xylene transmittance measurement. The measurement results using the FTIR are shown in Figure 6, and the measurement results using the UV-Vis-NIR Spectrophotometer are shown in Figure 7. The horizontal axis shows the wavelength to facilitate comparison.

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