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We hope this Focus Issue will spark new discussions and open new fields of knowledge leading to potential therapeutic interventions.

Submissions of Research Articles, Short Reports, Tools and Resources, and Research Advances are welcomed. A select number of Review Articles will be commissioned by the editors.

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Please include a cover letter with your submission, highlighting that the paper is for consideration for the Focus Issue on trained immunity and suggest editors from the list above.

In this eLife Focus Issue, we aim to curate Review Articles and original research articles on the history, current state, and future directions of innate immune memory studies, and overall provide a critical assessment of this new field of research. We will particularly focus on aspects that provide a better understanding of the mechanisms involving the development, regulation, maintenance and resolution of innate immune memory.

Important note: we have recently published an update relating to the indexing of any subsequent Version of Record. In brief, the Version of Record (which marks the end of the publishing process) will be widely indexed, including by PubMed and OpenAlex, but eLife content will not be included in Web of Science while they undertake a review. Read more: https://elifesciences.org/inside-elife/16afe6ec.

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Innate immune memory can substantially influence the host immune response to infections or inflammatory diseases. However, while the development of innate immune memory responses can be beneficial in the context of infectious diseases or cancer, it can also act as a double-edged sword and increase host susceptibility to infectious and inflammatory diseases. Thus, we urgently need to further expand our understanding of these host-beneficial versus host-detrimental signatures.

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Currently, trained immunity therapeutics are being investigated in multiple settings, from organ transplant acceptance, to sepsis, cancer treatment, and atherosclerosis. However, even after one decade of research, there are still many questions to answer about the fundamental and clinical mechanisms of establishing innate immune memory, its risks, and how it can be used to improve health.

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The regulation of innate immune memory is based on two main pillars: metabolic reprogramming and modification of the epigenetic landscape. Numerous studies have identified triggers and regulators of trained immunity, such as certain vaccines, microbial components, metabolites, chemicals, cytokines, pathogens and diets.

At the end of the peer-review process, before publication, authors have two weeks to submit a response to the assessment and reviews that can be published alongside the Reviewed Preprint.

Professional consultation service is available within 24 hours after receiving your feedback regarding theiterms  that that you bought.

eLife Senior Editors Carla Rothlin, Yale University, United States, and Satyajit Rath, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, India, will oversee the curation of papers alongside Guest Editors.

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Historically, the concept of immunological memory referred only to the ability of the adaptive immune system to develop specific responses to pathological triggers. However, this concept was challenged in 2012 by a landmark innate immune memory (also known as trained immunity) study in human and mouse experimental systems. Over the last decade, many studies built on these findings and proved that, in addition to the specific memory in adaptive immune cells, innate immune cells and structural cells can develop a non-specific memory state. Innate immune memory is a concept with evolutionary roots, as it is already present in more simple organisms such as plants, worms and insects.

You may have noticed that we recently announced we are increasing our publishing fees from July 1. For submissions to this Focus Issue the publishing fee will remain at $2,000 as we launched this call for papers before the increase was announced.

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All papers invited for review will be published on our website as a Reviewed Preprint, accompanied by an eLife assessment and public reviews.

We welcome comments and questions from researchers as well as other journals. Please annotate publicly on the article or contact us at hello [at] elifesciences [dot] org.

All research articles submitted to this Focus Issue will be subject to our $2,000 publication fee, but we also offer full fee waivers where applicable. There will be no charge for Review Articles.

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We also welcome research works on inflammatory, metabolic and epigenetic regulation of innate immune memory and its consequences in all kingdoms of life.

eLife is working to improve the process of peer review so it more effectively conveys the assessment of expert reviewers to the scientific community, meaning reviews are published publicly alongside your research paper.