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StimulatedRaman scattering

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The energies corresponding to the Raman frequency shifts are found to be the energies associated with transitions between different rotational and vibrational states of the scattering molecule. Pure rotational shifts are small and difficult to observe, except for those of simple gaseous molecules. In liquids, rotational motions are hindered, and discrete rotational Raman lines are not found. Most Raman work is concerned with vibrational transitions, which give larger shifts observable for gases, liquids, and solids. Gases have low molecular concentration at ordinary pressures and therefore produce very faint Raman effects; thus liquids and solids are more frequently studied.

Scattering ramanprinciple

The y-axis shows a lens’ performance in recreating a set of test charts that show repeating line patterns, called line pairs. Although the scale is in decimals, it’s actually referring to a percentage score of how well the lens was able to reproduce the image of these line pairs. At a minimum, two sets of line pairs are tested, one which is set to 10 lines/mm and one which is set to 30 lines/mm. The former test for contrast performance, while the latter tests resolution. Both results are plotted on the chart as different lines and some charts, like Canon’s, also show these results for the lens when it is wide open and also when it is at f/8 (the ‘sweet spot’). On top of this, the line pairs are tested in two orientations called sagittal and meridional, because a lens’ ability to reproduce fine detail and contrast does actually vary depending on the orientation relative to a diagonal line from the centre of the image to the corner.

PLEASE NOTE: MTF Charts are fairly complex so if you’ve some this far to read what it is, I’d urge you to continue to my in-depth article that explains how to read an MTF chart. This glossary entry here is intended only to give you a brief overview.

Rayleighscattering

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Scattering ramanspectroscopy

The phenomenon is named for Indian physicist Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, who first published observations of the effect in 1928. (Austrian physicist Adolf Smekal theoretically described the effect in 1923. It was first observed just one week before Raman by Russian physicists Leonid Mandelstam and Grigory Landsberg; however, they did not publish their results until months after Raman.)

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Raman scatteringvs Rayleighscattering

Ramaneffect isscatteringof

The Raman effect is feeble; for a liquid compound the intensity of the affected light may be only 1/100,000 of that incident beam. The pattern of the Raman lines is characteristic of the particular molecular species, and its intensity is proportional to the number of scattering molecules in the path of the light. Thus, Raman spectra are used in qualitative and quantitative analysis.

The x-axis of an MTF chart is measured in millimetres and it represents the distance from the centre of the lens. 0 is the centre and for full frame 35mm sensors, the far side is 21.6mm.

MTF stands for Modulation Transfer Function and an MTF chart is a chart that plots the optical performance of a lens across the the image, from the centre to the corner.

Raman scattering is perhaps most easily understandable if the incident light is considered as consisting of particles, or photons (with energy proportional to frequency), that strike the molecules of the sample. Most of the encounters are elastic, and the photons are scattered with unchanged energy and frequency. On some occasions, however, the molecule takes up energy from or gives up energy to the photons, which are thereby scattered with diminished or increased energy, hence with lower or higher frequency. The frequency shifts are thus measures of the amounts of energy involved in the transition between initial and final states of the scattering molecule.

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Scattering ramanexperiment

Various lines on the chart depict the lens’ performance in both contrast and resolution, and it’s the combination of these two things that give us what we might call perceived sharpness. A lens only looks sharp when there is a good balance of both contrast AND resolution, even though most people don’t typically think so much about the contrast side of things.

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Raman effect, change in the wavelength of light that occurs when a light beam is deflected by molecules. When a beam of light traverses a dust-free, transparent sample of a chemical compound, a small fraction of the light emerges in directions other than that of the incident (incoming) beam. Most of this scattered light is of unchanged wavelength. A small part, however, has wavelengths different from that of the incident light; its presence is a result of the Raman effect.