The further away the area is from the light source, the lower the illuminance. The lux value determined can be used to determine whether certain areas are sufficiently well lit. For example, there are labor-law requirements for how brightly a work area should be illuminated for employees.

8 Middle East & Africa 8.1 Middle East & Africa Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) by Country 8.1.1 Middle East & Africa Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Sales by Country (2019-2024) 8.1.2 Middle East & Africa Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Revenue by Country (2019-2024) 8.2 Middle East & Africa Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Sales by Type (2019-2024) 8.3 Middle East & Africa Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Sales by Application (2019-2024) 8.4 Egypt 8.5 South Africa 8.6 Israel 8.7 Turkey 8.8 GCC Countries

The luminous intensity or its candela value indicates how intensively the light is emitted. The more focused the light is emitted, the more intense it is. The diagram shows two lamps with the same luminous flux (lumen) but different beam angles. The luminous intensity of the lamp with the smaller beam angle is higher than that of the lamp with the wider beam angle.

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To determine the luminous intensity of a lamp, you need the luminous flux and the beam angle or solid angle. The value of the luminous- or light intensity is given in candela. The units of luminous flux are lumens, for the solid angle it is steradians.

The colour rendering index, abbreviated CRI (Colour Rendering Index) or RA (General Reference Index) tells us what quality the emitted light has.

2 Executive Summary 2.1 World Market Overview 2.1.1 Global Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Annual Sales 2019-2030 2.1.2 World Current & Future Analysis for Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) by Geographic Region, 2019, 2023 & 2030 2.1.3 World Current & Future Analysis for Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) by Country/Region, 2019, 2023 & 2030 2.2 Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Segment by Type 2.2.1 Precision Molded 2.2.2 Photolithography 2.2.3 Others 2.3 Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Sales by Type 2.3.1 Global Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2024) 2.3.2 Global Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Revenue and Market Share by Type (2019-2024) 2.3.3 Global Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Sale Price by Type (2019-2024) 2.4 Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Segment by Application 2.4.1 Optical Communication and IT 2.4.2 Consumer Electronics 2.4.3 Automotive 2.4.4 Others 2.5 Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Sales by Application 2.5.1 Global Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Sale Market Share by Application (2019-2024) 2.5.2 Global Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Revenue and Market Share by Application (2019-2024) 2.5.3 Global Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Sale Price by Application (2019-2024)

The colour temperature influences the room atmosphere. For living rooms, a lower colour temperature is preferred, for laboratories or factories, light with a higher colour temperature. The scale below shows the colour temperature and its three ranges: Warm white, neutral white and daylight white.

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The density of luminance provides information about the impression of brightness of a luminaire. It is expressed in luminous intensity per area (cd/m²). The density of luminance describes how bright a surface appears to us. This factor is also influenced by other circumstances, such as the condition of the illuminated surface.

If the calculation according to the above formulae is not possible for the lamp, a light measurement can be carried out with an integrating sphere and a spectrometer. This creates a luminous intensity distribution curve. From this, conclusions can be drawn about the luminous intensity.

The light flux is measured in lumens (abbreviation lm). The unit lumen is an internationally standardized unit of measurement for the light flux of a light source. It indicates how much light is emitted by a radiation source in all directions, so it measures the total light output. The lumens of a luminaire therefore provide information about its brightness. Identical luminaire types can be compared by their wattage.

A luxmeter is a light inensity meter and measures the illuminance (lux). The value indicates how bright it is at the measuring point. The luxmeter consists of a photo sensor and a display. The photo sensor usually consists of photo diodes that detect the light. The measured lux value then appears on the display.

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If light is reflected, it is reflected back. Mirrors have a reflectance of 1. Light surfaces have a value close to 1, dark surfaces have a value below 0.1. In a room with dark walls, more light is needed than in a room with light walls to create sufficient illuminance on the working plane.

10 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis 10.1 Raw Material and Suppliers 10.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) 10.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) 10.4 Industry Chain Structure of Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA)

Another formula for calculating illuminance at greater distances is as follows: Lux [lx] = luminous intensity [cd] / radius or distance squared

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The unit lumen stands for the total light output of a luminaire emitted in all directions. However, since the light emitted by luminaires is not emitted evenly in all directions, the luminous intensity is given in candela. So candela is the unit of light intensity. This value indicates how much light is emitted in a particular direction. In contrast to these two emitted quantities, there is also the receiver quantity lux. The lux unit does not measure how much light is emitted, but how much of the emitted light reaches a certain surface.

Light consists of photons, also called light particles. They travel in waves and transmit energy impulses. Light is created when energy is converted. When visible light is emitted, this is also called luminescence. How bright and colourful the human eye can perceive a light depends on the wavelength of the radiation and the intensity with which the radiation hits the retina.

Natural sunlight has an RA value of 100, which is also the highest RA value. The closer the RA value is to 100, the higher the quality of the lighting.

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1 Scope of the Report 1.1 Market Introduction 1.2 Years Considered 1.3 Research Objectives 1.4 Market Research Methodology 1.5 Research Process and Data Source 1.6 Economic Indicators 1.7 Currency Considered 1.8 Market Estimation Caveats

13 Key Players Analysis 13.1 AGC 13.1.1 AGC Company Information 13.1.2 AGC Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Product Portfolios and Specifications 13.1.3 AGC Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024) 13.1.4 AGC Main Business Overview 13.1.5 AGC Latest Developments 13.2 Focuslight 13.2.1 Focuslight Company Information 13.2.2 Focuslight Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Product Portfolios and Specifications 13.2.3 Focuslight Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024) 13.2.4 Focuslight Main Business Overview 13.2.5 Focuslight Latest Developments 13.3 BrightView Technologies 13.3.1 BrightView Technologies Company Information 13.3.2 BrightView Technologies Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Product Portfolios and Specifications 13.3.3 BrightView Technologies Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024) 13.3.4 BrightView Technologies Main Business Overview 13.3.5 BrightView Technologies Latest Developments 13.4 China Wafer Level CSP 13.4.1 China Wafer Level CSP Company Information 13.4.2 China Wafer Level CSP Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Product Portfolios and Specifications 13.4.3 China Wafer Level CSP Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024) 13.4.4 China Wafer Level CSP Main Business Overview 13.4.5 China Wafer Level CSP Latest Developments 13.5 Suzhou Suna Opto 13.5.1 Suzhou Suna Opto Company Information 13.5.2 Suzhou Suna Opto Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Product Portfolios and Specifications 13.5.3 Suzhou Suna Opto Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024) 13.5.4 Suzhou Suna Opto Main Business Overview 13.5.5 Suzhou Suna Opto Latest Developments 13.6 NALUX 13.6.1 NALUX Company Information 13.6.2 NALUX Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Product Portfolios and Specifications 13.6.3 NALUX Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024) 13.6.4 NALUX Main Business Overview 13.6.5 NALUX Latest Developments 13.7 Zhejiang Lante Optics 13.7.1 Zhejiang Lante Optics Company Information 13.7.2 Zhejiang Lante Optics Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Product Portfolios and Specifications 13.7.3 Zhejiang Lante Optics Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024) 13.7.4 Zhejiang Lante Optics Main Business Overview 13.7.5 Zhejiang Lante Optics Latest Developments 13.8 NEG 13.8.1 NEG Company Information 13.8.2 NEG Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Product Portfolios and Specifications 13.8.3 NEG Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024) 13.8.4 NEG Main Business Overview 13.8.5 NEG Latest Developments 13.9 Axetris AG 13.9.1 Axetris AG Company Information 13.9.2 Axetris AG Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Product Portfolios and Specifications 13.9.3 Axetris AG Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024) 13.9.4 Axetris AG Main Business Overview 13.9.5 Axetris AG Latest Developments 13.10 Ingeneric GmbH 13.10.1 Ingeneric GmbH Company Information 13.10.2 Ingeneric GmbH Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Product Portfolios and Specifications 13.10.3 Ingeneric GmbH Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024) 13.10.4 Ingeneric GmbH Main Business Overview 13.10.5 Ingeneric GmbH Latest Developments 13.11 Isuzu Glass 13.11.1 Isuzu Glass Company Information 13.11.2 Isuzu Glass Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Product Portfolios and Specifications 13.11.3 Isuzu Glass Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024) 13.11.4 Isuzu Glass Main Business Overview 13.11.5 Isuzu Glass Latest Developments 13.12 Sumita Optical Glass 13.12.1 Sumita Optical Glass Company Information 13.12.2 Sumita Optical Glass Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Product Portfolios and Specifications 13.12.3 Sumita Optical Glass Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024) 13.12.4 Sumita Optical Glass Main Business Overview 13.12.5 Sumita Optical Glass Latest Developments

To assess the brightness of a luminaire or illuminant, it is essential to consider all three values. The units lumen and candela are quoted by most manufacturers. Manufacturers cannot quote the lux value because this value depends on the ambient conditions of the area of application.

Auer Signal is a global leading manufacturer of signaling technology, operational in 70+ countries. The company produces stack lights, visual-, audible-, visual-audible and explosion proof signaling devices.

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Light intensity is one of the photometric quantities. It relates the light flux to the beam angle of a light source. The luminous intensity therefore indicates how concentrated the light is or what density the emitted light has.

- Incandescent lamp with 15 W electrical power: luminous flux Φ = 90 lm - Compact fluorescent lamp/energy-saving lamp: with 15 W electrical power: luminous flux Φ = 900 lm

The luminous efficacy is a measure that indicates how efficient a light source is. It is the ratio of lumens to power or watts, so it is measured in lumen per watt (lm/W) in the International System of Units (SI). The higher the value, the more efficient a light source is.

Different lamps, however, produce different amounts of light and therefore cannot be compared by wattage. To compare the high intensity of different lamps, luminous flux must be used.

The colour temperature of a lamp determines whether the light gives a warm or cool impression. The colour temperature is given in Kelvin and can be assessed on a scale. The lower the colour temperature, the warmer and darker the light appears. The higher the colour temperature, the cooler and brighter the light appears.

Luminous intensity is an important value for comparing different lamps. Lamps with the same luminous flux can have completely different luminous intensities due to their beam angle. The beam angle indicates the angle at which the light is emitted by the lamp.

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11 Marketing, Distributors and Customer 11.1 Sales Channel 11.1.1 Direct Channels 11.1.2 Indirect Channels 11.2 Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Distributors 11.3 Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Customer

Candela is theunitof

7 Europe 7.1 Europe Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) by Country 7.1.1 Europe Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Sales by Country (2019-2024) 7.1.2 Europe Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Revenue by Country (2019-2024) 7.2 Europe Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Sales by Type (2019-2024) 7.3 Europe Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Sales by Application (2019-2024) 7.4 Germany 7.5 France 7.6 UK 7.7 Italy 7.8 Russia

A standard candle, for example, emits a luminous intensity of 1 cd, i.e., it emits about 12 lumens (lm) in all directions.

Lux provides information about the illuminance. It is a measure of the brightness with which an area is illuminated. Lux indicates how much luminous flux (lumen) of a light source arrives per unit area of a receiver surface. The value lux is purely a receiver quantity.

When an object is illuminated, it emits colours. The colour emitted is not only determined by the colour of the object itself, but also by the light source. The illuminant emits different wavelengths that are absorbed or reflected by the illuminated object. Those wavelengths that match the illuminated object are reflected, the rest is absorbed. The colour rendering index therefore depends on which wavelengths are emitted by the light source.

12 World Forecast Review for Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) by Geographic Region 12.1 Global Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Market Size Forecast by Region 12.1.1 Global Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Forecast by Region (2025-2030) 12.1.2 Global Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Annual Revenue Forecast by Region (2025-2030) 12.2 Americas Forecast by Country (2025-2030) 12.3 APAC Forecast by Region (2025-2030) 12.4 Europe Forecast by Country (2025-2030) 12.5 Middle East & Africa Forecast by Country (2025-2030) 12.6 Global Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Forecast by Type (2025-2030) 12.7 Global Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Forecast by Application (2025-2030)

Colour temperature can be measured with a colourimeter. Besides colour temperature, the colour rendering index is also significant for the spatial atmosphere.

What is the metric unit used for measuring luminous intensity? Candela (cd) is the metric unit of luminous intensity. As an example, the luminous intensity of a candle is approximately one candela.

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In light measurement, a distinction is made between various photometric quantities by which the unit of light intensity can be evaluated. The following table provides an overview of the most important photometric quantities and units:

5 Americas 5.1 Americas Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Sales by Country 5.1.1 Americas Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Sales by Country (2019-2024) 5.1.2 Americas Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Revenue by Country (2019-2024) 5.2 Americas Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Sales by Type (2019-2024) 5.3 Americas Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Sales by Application (2019-2024) 5.4 United States 5.5 Canada 5.6 Mexico 5.7 Brazil

The luminous intensity is a photometric value that describes the radiation of light emitted in a certain direction. Since the radiation behavior of an optical signaling device is not only determined by the light source but also by the design of the domes, the luminous intensity is best suited to characterize the signaling effect of optical signaling devices.

3 Global by Company 3.1 Global Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Breakdown Data by Company 3.1.1 Global Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Annual Sales by Company (2019-2024) 3.1.2 Global Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Sales Market Share by Company (2019-2024) 3.2 Global Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Annual Revenue by Company (2019-2024) 3.2.1 Global Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Revenue by Company (2019-2024) 3.2.2 Global Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Revenue Market Share by Company (2019-2024) 3.3 Global Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Sale Price by Company 3.4 Key Manufacturers Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Producing Area Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type 3.4.1 Key Manufacturers Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Product Location Distribution 3.4.2 Players Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Products Offered 3.5 Market Concentration Rate Analysis 3.5.1 Competition Landscape Analysis 3.5.2 Concentration Ratio (CR3, CR5 and CR10) & (2019-2024) 3.6 New Products and Potential Entrants 3.7 Market M&A Activity & Strategy

The reflection factor indicates the percentage of the luminous flux that hits a surface that is reflected. Depending on the nature of the illuminated surface, the light is reflected, absorbed or transmitted.

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6 APAC 6.1 APAC Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Sales by Region 6.1.1 APAC Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Sales by Region (2019-2024) 6.1.2 APAC Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Revenue by Region (2019-2024) 6.2 APAC Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Sales by Type (2019-2024) 6.3 APAC Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Sales by Application (2019-2024) 6.4 China 6.5 Japan 6.6 South Korea 6.7 Southeast Asia 6.8 India 6.9 Australia 6.10 China Taiwan

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The solid angle is the three-dimensional size of the light cone. If a luminaire emits light, the angle of the emitted light is three-dimensional. The unit of the solid angle is the steradian (sr). The light intensity indicates the amount of light that a light source emits per solid angle.

4 World Historic Review for Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) by Geographic Region 4.1 World Historic Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Market Size by Geographic Region (2019-2024) 4.1.1 Global Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Annual Sales by Geographic Region (2019-2024) 4.1.2 Global Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Annual Revenue by Geographic Region (2019-2024) 4.2 World Historic Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Market Size by Country/Region (2019-2024) 4.2.1 Global Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Annual Sales by Country/Region (2019-2024) 4.2.2 Global Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Annual Revenue by Country/Region (2019-2024) 4.3 Americas Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Sales Growth 4.4 APAC Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Sales Growth 4.5 Europe Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Sales Growth 4.6 Middle East & Africa Glass Micro Lens Array (MLA) Sales Growth

Lumen isunitof

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The terms lumen, candela and lux occur very frequently in light measurement. They are all photometric quantities. The following diagram shows the relationship between the three terms.

The value Lumen does not take the brightness sensation into account. The perception of brightness is additionally influenced by the beam angle and the design of a luminaire. Also, the color temperature of the illuminant and the condition of the environment play a role in the perception of brightness.