Pi air bearing stages

Q-Motion® linear stage, piezoelectric inertia drive, 26 mm travel range, linear encoder, 1 nm resolution, 7 N drive force, dimensions 45 × 63 × 15 mm (W × L × H)

Pi piezostage

At PI, technical data is specified at 22 ±3 °C. Unless otherwise stated, the values are for unloaded conditions. Some properties are interdependent. The designation "typ." indicates a statistical average for a property; it does not indicate a guaranteed value for every product supplied. During the final inspection of a product, only selected properties are analyzed, not all. Please note that some product characteristics may deteriorate with increasing operating time.

PIStage

Piezo inertia drives are space-saving and affordable piezo-based drives with relatively high holding forces and a virtually unlimited travel range. The inertia drive principle is based on a single piezoelectric actuator that is controlled with a modified sawtooth voltage provided by special driver electronics. The actuator expands slowly and moves the runner. Due to its inertia, the runner is unable to follow the subsequent fast contraction of the actuator and remains at its position. With an operating frequency of up to 20 kHz, the drives acting directly on the runner and achieve velocities of max. 8 mm/s.

Tip Tiltstage

The refractive index is the ratio between the speed of light in vacuum and a light wave’s phase velocity while traveling through a medium, such as air or glass. In pulsed laser applications, light is commonly described using frequency because time is generally more critical and the frequency of light is a fixed value, while its wavelength is dependent on the refractive index it is traveling within. Wavelength $ \small{\left( \lambda \right)} $ is related to angular frequency $ \small{\left( \omega \right)} $, refractive index $ \small{\left( n \right)} $, and the speed of light $ \small{\left( c \right)} $ by:

Polarization mode dispersion is the dependence of light’s propagation characteristics in a medium on polarization state, which can be relevant in high data rate single-mode fiber systems. All three types of dispersion may cause temporal broadening or compression of ultrashort pulses in free space or optical fibers, potentially causing separate pulses blend together and become unrecognizable (Figure 3).

Chromatic dispersion is a dependence of light’s phase velocity $\small{\nu _{p}}$ in a medium on its wavelength, resulting mostly from the interaction of light with electrons of the medium. Chromatic dispersion is described by the Abbe number (Figure 2), which corresponds to the reciprocal of the first partial derivative of refractive index with respect to $ \small{\lambda} $, and partial dispersion, which corresponds to the second derivative of refractive index with respect to wavelength.

Inertia Drives are space-saving and low-cost piezo-based drives with relatively high holding forces and a travel range that is only limited by the length of the runner.

Delaystage

Intermodal dispersion is a dependence of the group velocity of light in a waveguide, such as a multimode fiber, on the optical frequency and the propagation mode.2 In multimode optical fiber communication systems, this severely limits the achievable data transmission rate, or bit rate. Intermodal dispersion could be prevented by using single-mode fibers or multimode fibers with a parabolic refractive index profile.

The linear stages are equipped with a noncontact measuring optical linear encoder and a reference switch. ​R​e​s​o​l​u​t​i​o​n​ 1 nm.

Q-Motion® linear stage, piezoelectric inertia drive, 13 mm travel range, linear encoder, 1 nm resolution, 7 N drive force, dimensions 45 × 48 × 15 mm (W × L × H)

Physik Instrumente

NewportStage

The refractive index of a material is often described using the Selmeier formula and the material constants $\small{B_1}$, $\small{B_2}$, $\small{B_3}$, $\small{C_1}$, $\small{C_2}$, and $\small{C_3}$:

A further discussion of $ \small{\text{GVD}} $ and its importance for ultrafast laser optics can be found in our Ultrafast Dispersion application note.

$\small{n_D} $, $\small{n_F} $, and $\small{n_C} $ are the substrate’s refractive indices at the wavelengths of the Fraunhofer D- $ \small{\left( 589.3 \text{nm} \right)} $, F- $ \small{\left( 486.1 \text{nm} \right)} $, and C- $ \small{\left( 656.3 \text{nm} \right)} $ spectral lines. The Abbe number of a material may also be described at any wavelength using the derivative of refractive index with respect to wavelength:

Group velocity is similar to spectral dispersion as they both correspond to the first derivative of refractive index with respect to wavelength or frequency. Likewise, $ \small{\text{GVD}} $ is similar to partial dispersion in that they are both second derivatives with respect to wavelength or frequency. Minimizing $ \small{\text{GVD}} $ in an optical design is similar to designing to minimize chromatic focal shift, except the designer will focus on group velocity and $ \small{\text{GVD}} $ rather than the Abbe number and partial dispersion.

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PI XYstage

In laser applications, the primary concern is how dispersion will affect the properties of a laser pulse traveling through the medium, which is described by group velocity - the variation of the phase velocity of light in a medium relative to its wavenumber:

Dispersion is the dependence of light’s phase velocity or phase delay as it transmits through an optical medium on another parameter, such as optical frequency, or wavelength. Several different types of dispersion can occur inside an optic’s substrate: chromatic (Figure 1), intermodal, and polarization mode dispersion.1

1 Paschotta, Rüdiger. Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology, RP Photonics, October 2017, www.rp-photonics.com/encyclopedia.html.

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The wavenumber $ \small{\left( k \right)} $ is $ \tfrac{2 \pi}{\lambda} $ - this concept is sometimes also referred to a spectral phase. As multiple wavelengths of light transmit through a material, the longer wavelength (lower frequency) typically travels faster than shorter wavelengths (higher frequencies) because the group velocity is wavelength-dependent.2 This results in a spectral spreading of the wavefront phase similar to the way light transmitting through a prism is dispersed into its component colors. Group velocity is defined as the first derivative of the phase velocity with respect to frequency, and the group velocity dispersion $ \small{\text{GVD}} $ is similarly defined as the derivative of the inverse group velocity with respect to frequency: