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A question commonly asked about compound microscopes is: What’s the purpose of having 3 objective lenses attached to it? The answer is quite simple.

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The compound light microscope is an indispensable tool used ubiquitously in science disciplines to visualize small objects in fine detail. Unlike simple magnifying glasses, the compound microscope uses two lens systems to enlarge specimens up to 1000x their actual size.

In materials and finishes, Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC), also called amorphous carbon (a-C), isn't one coating but an entire category of coating materials. DLC has properties that change depending on the bonding of the carbon atoms and the presence or lack of other materials in the coatings. These materials include hydrogen, silicon, or metals. Generally, DLC is known for:

Certain instruments are designed to accommodate additional high-power 60x or 100x objective lenses when extremely high magnification and resolution are critical, such as for cytology or microbiology applications.

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Diamond, on the other hand, has all four electrons forming molecular bonds with other carbon atoms.  These carbon atoms form a three-dimensional tetrahedral shape via sp3 bonding.  The carbon atoms pack together tightly inside the diamond crystal, and the bonds are quite strong.  The result is the hard, clear crystal we are familiar with, formed deep within the earth or in a laboratory under extremely high pressures.

Some microscopes include extra low power 1x or 2x objectives for an even wider field of view to help orient the largest samples. These have become more common on inverted microscopes.

The level of microscope magnification depends on the optical properties of both the ocular and objective lenses. The ocular lens magnifies the primary image 10x. The objectives provide progressively higher magnifying power of 4x, 10x, 40x, and sometimes 100x.

The 10x or 20x medium power objective delivers comfortable viewing magnification and reasonably high resolution to see some finer details in the context of the larger specimen structure. It is commonly used for routine examination, counting cells, measuring proportions, and making sketches.

In physics, diffraction is a change in the direction of a sound wave or a light wave caused by the presence of an obstacle in its path. ...the diffraction of ...

Practically, low magnification facilitates efficient scanning of the overall specimen to find areas of interest to study further, saving significant time compared to searching blindly at high power. It provides necessary contextual orientation.

The provision of 3 objective lenses with differing optical properties confers important complementary advantages that enhance the microscopy user experience and workflow efficiency.

The set of 3 objective lenses on most compound microscopes elegantly fulfills the range of observational needs in microscopy, from scanning the big picture to examining the most minute details. Their differing optical properties and fields of view provide efficient and flexible viewing capabilities not possible with a single objective lens. The specific numbers and powers may be tailored for particular applications, but the core triad arrangement remains ubiquitous out of logical necessity.

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The standard compound light microscope has 3 objective lenses to provide different magnification powers, resolving abilities, and fields of view to visualize specimens in increasing detail.

The range of magnifications enables users to choose the appropriate level for their particular application, whether surveying tissue architecture or examining subcellular organelles. No single objective lens can provide optimal performance across this wide range of viewing needs.

Having a continuum of magnifications allows the microscope to accommodate samples of vastly different sizes from whole insect bodies down to single cells. A single high-power objective cannot cover this entire range.

Lenses with lower power and larger fields of view can have optics optimized for brightness whereas high magnification lenses with narrow fields are optimized for resolution at the expense of brightness.

Like graphite and diamond, DLC is made of carbon, but it has a combination of sp2 and sp3 bonds. As a result, a DLC coating has a combination of the properties of both diamond and graphite. For example, it can be very hard but also have very low friction. In the coating process, we tune the properties by changing process conditions and energy to change the bonding. As sp3 bonding increases, the coating becomes harder and more like a diamond, or “diamond-like.” Pure carbon with mostly sp3 bonding is called tetragonal amorphous carbon (t-aC).

Adding other elements to the diamond-like carbon is called "doping." Just like impurities in diamonds can change properties such as color, adding other materials can adjust the properties of these coatings, making it possible to tune the color, conductivity, hardness, wear resistance, friction, and many other properties.

On the other hand, diamonds are also made of carbon. Diamond is clear, electrically insulating, and extremely hard: the hardest naturally occurring material on earth. We use small diamonds for cutting other hard materials, and large ones are considered precious gems. Diamonds have properties that are nothing like graphite. Both materials are made of the same element, and the only difference between graphite and diamond is the bonding and structure of the carbon atoms in each.

While the basic 3 objective arrangement still dominates today, some microscopes incorporate additional objectives or special enhancements for increased performance and capabilities.

Proper illumination from below is vital for viewing clarity. The maximum resolution or resolving power is limited by the wavelength of light and optics. Higher quality objectives provide greater usable resolution to see fine details.

There are many different acronyms and abbreviations for different types of DLC coatings, and there are often several ways to refer to the same kind of coating. This is where DLC coatings can get confusing, so I’ve broken it down in an easy-to-understand chart.

The multiple objectives with parcentered optics allow users to quickly switch between lenses and magnifications to obtain just the right view. This facilitates efficient and intuitive workflows.

Carbon is tetravalent, meaning it has four electrons available for molecular bonds with other atoms.  In graphite, only three electrons form bonds with other carbon atoms, forming a two-dimensional plane of hexagonal shapes via sp2 bonding.  These individual layers are called graphene.  The bonds within these layers are strong, but when additional layers are added, the bonding between the layers is weak, so the sheets can easily slide past one another.  That makes graphite soft and gives it some of its other properties.

Higher magnification requires higher resolution to realize the full benefit. The higher-powered objectives have correspondingly greater resolving power to take advantage of the increased magnification whereas the lower-power lenses have comparatively less resolution which is ample for their magnification level.

The standard compound microscope contains 3 objective lenses with different powers, resolutions, and fields of view to provide a tiered viewing experience.

The 40x or 100x high power objective produces the highest magnification and resolution to reveal subcellular structures and other intricate details not discernable with the lower powered lenses but has an extremely narrow field of view. It is used for critical inspection of key areas after initial surveys with lower-powered objectives.

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This microscope was developed in 1903 to study colloidal particles. These tiny particles—larger than atoms but too small to be seen with an ordinary optical ...

Microscope objectives are key components for high-performance microscopy, with magnification and numerical aperture as main performance figures.

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Phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy require specialized objectives with matched condenser optics to image transparent specimens. These are often incorporated as a fourth objective or replace one of the standard ones.

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Carbon (atomic symbol C) has some exciting and valuable properties. In one form, it makes up graphite, a very soft, black, conductive material made of layers that slide easily relative to one another. Pencil ‘leads’ are made of graphite because it glides easily and is soft enough to leave behind residue on paper.

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The lowest magnification objective is typically a 4x or 10x lens. Its primary purpose is to provide a wide field of view of the overall specimen on the slide for initial orientation and scanning. The low magnification reduces aberrations from optical imperfections.

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If you think one of these Diamond-Like Carbon coatings might suit you and your product, contact Vapor Technologies, Inc. We can help you cut through the mystique of all the variations and develop a coating solution specific to your product needs. We often have people ask us, “What is DLC coating?” And we hope we’ve provided the answers you need. You can also access more information about VT-Diamond coatings on our DLC coatings page.

We can adjust these properties for different applications, optimizing them to specific needs for improving components' appearance, performance, and durability in many industries (if you are interested in using DLC on firearms, visit our Firearms coating page). Let’s back up and talk about what makes the carbon in DLC so unique.

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The chart shows just a few examples of naming conventions. For DLCs, the metal is often specified using its atomic abbreviation in place of the ‘Me’ (e.g., W-DLC or a-C:Ti). The types can also be combined, for example, metal-doped hydrogenated DLC (Me-C:H). Often, a DLC name includes a number that represents the atomic percentage of hydrogen or metal doping. The variations continue, but it doesn’t need to be that complicated. Now, the next time someone mentions DLC, you will know the answer to: “What is diamond-like carbon?”

High-performance objectives may have adjustable correction collars to optimize the optical correction for viewing specimen slides with different coverslip thicknesses, allowing the best possible image.

The ray nature of light is used to explain how light refracts at planar and curved surfaces; Snell's law and refraction principles are used to explain a ...

Jan 27, 2022 — The shorter the focal length, the more perceptual distortion of objects—in particular on the objects that appear closest to the lens. Human ...

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The major components of a compound microscope are the ocular lens in the eyepiece, the objective turret housing multiple objective lenses, the condenser lens below the stage, the illumination system, and the mechanical arm. Each part plays a critical optical or functional role.

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