Biconvex lenseye

I hope this looks familiar, because it is very similar to what we did with curved mirrors. Since the surface of the lenses are carved out of spherical shapes, they are given centers of curvature and focal points. Since the lens has a curvature on both sides, there will be two focal points and two centers, as shown above. The line drawn through the middle of the lens is principal axis as we saw it with curved mirrors. For the sake of simplicity, we will assume that the lens is perfectly symmetrical, meaning that both focal distances are equal, such that f’ = f.

By understanding these components and their interactions, one can effectively use laser beam expanders to optimize performance in applications ranging from scientific research to industrial processes.

Common lens refraction beam extenders typically consist of two or more lenses, divided into Galilean and Keplerian types. These beam expanders function like Galilean and Keplerian expander used in reverse.

Biconvex lensis converging or diverging

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The parameter σ is also called the grating constant. The plus sign in Eq. (13.2.1) applies to a reflection grating; the minus sign to a transmission grating.

Difference between convex andbiconvex lens

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Unlike the Galilean beam expander, the Keplerian beam expander uses positive focal length lenses for both the front and back sets. The light beam converges between the two lens sets, with the convergence point at the focal plane of the lenses. Keplerian beam expanders are easier to achieve a larger amplification effect but can generate heat at the laser convergence point, affecting the wavefront and increasing aberration. Thus, for high-power lasers, Galilean beam expanders are usually preferred.

The Galilean expander features a convex lens and a concave lens as the eyepiece, with the distance between them being the sum of their focal lengths. Similarly, a Galilean beam expander consists of a negative focal length lens and a positive focal length lens. Magnification is the ratio of the focal lengths of the positive lens to the negative lens. Galilean designs are compact, making them conducive to system integration and suitable for high-power lasers due to the absence of internal laser convergence points that can cause heat buildup and aberration.

Biconvex lensimage

Besides simple beam expanders, more complex designs like zoom beam expanders and achromatic beam expanders are available. These advanced expanders offer functionalities such as variable magnification and minimized chromatic aberration, which cater to specific requirements.

Biconvex lensformula

Laser beam expanders play a crucial role in various optical systems by enhancing beam characteristics such as convergence and directionality. The choice between Galilean and Kepler-type expanders depends on the specific application requirements, particularly the energy levels involved and the desired magnification. Proper design and material selection ensure optimal performance and integration into broader optical systems.By increasing the input beam diameter, improving focused spot size, and managing beam divergence, beam expanders significantly enhance the overall effectiveness of laser systems.

This is all too complicated, let’s simplify everything now. In most cases, for example when you are using a magnifying lens, the glass is so narrow and light travels so fast, that the double refraction that we calculated above is negligible. Let’s consider these lenses now, as thin lenses and see how that simplifies things for us.

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Since the beam expander is usually used with a laser, the design also needs to consider the choice of lens material, the laser damage threshold of the coating film, etc. In addition to the above simple structure of the beam expander, there are zoom beam expander , achromatic beam expander, etc. derived from this basis, the structure is relatively more complex.

Biconvex lensuses

Before I start going through everything however, here are a few rules to follow assuming that the object is located on the left of the lens in the above diagram:

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As the name suggests, the function of the laser beam expanding lens is to expand the beam, that is, to enlarge the laser spot area to achieve a larger area of beam output to suit different system requirements. For example, reducing the power density can prevent damage to the optical device. During beam expansion, the beam energy is adjusted, and a flat-top light output can be achieved. Additionally, laser beam expanders serve two critical purposes:

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Both Keplerian beam expanders and Galilean beam expanders can serve as beam expanders. The Keplerian beam expander easily achieves a larger amplification effect, but its disadvantage is the laser convergence point in the middle of the lens. For strong laser energy, the convergence point generates heat, which affects the wavefront and increases aberration. For more energetic lasers, the Galilean beam expander is usually used. Additionally, a Galilean beam expander has a negative focal length and a relatively compact structure, which is more conducive to system integration.

Biconvex lensfocal length

After this step, you follow Snell’s law as you did in the previous section for a curved lens. This new ray now continues until the other side of the lens.

Biconvex lensproperties

Focal length: 4 mm Maximal image circle: 1/2" Aperture range (F): 2 Minimal object distance (M.O.D.): 0.30 m Angle of view (HxVxD): 73.6° x 55.2° x 92.0° ...

Treating this and drawing ray diagrams for a biconvex lens is essentially two refractions (one on the way into the lens and the other on the way out) along curved surfaces. So let’s look at the steps necessary to draw the ray diagram for light going through a lens.

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Laser beam expanding lens is a common laser device used in scientific experiments, laser ranging, laser printing, and other applications. The laser beam expanding lens can be realized in different forms, such as off-axis reflection, using a couple of prisms to expand the beam, and so on. The most common type of beam expander is refraction, Light is refracted and transmitted through the lens and the beam is expanded when it exits. It is essentially an upside-down telescope, usually of relatively simple construction.

Polarization, also called wave polarization, is an expression of the orientation of the lines of electric flux in an electromagnetic field (EM field).