The common light microscope used in the laboratory is called a compound microscope. It is because it contains two types of lenses; ocular and objective. The ocular lens is the lens close to the eye, and the objective lens is the lens close to the object. These lenses work together to magnify the image of an object. Parts of Compound Microscope    There are twelve parts in a compound microscope. They are as follows:  Parts of Binocular Medical Microscope with built-in IlluminationIlluminator (Light Source)A mirror or electric bulb is provided as the source of light rays. The function of the mirror is to provide reflected light from a lamp or sunlight. Most microscopes today have built-in lamps that provide necessary illumination.You can turn on and off the light source using a switch and adjust the illumination intensity by turning the light adjustment knob. This knob is calibrated with a scale of 1 to 10; 1 is low intensity, and 10 is high intensity.Diaphragm (Iris)Many microscopes have a rotating disk under the stage known as the diaphragm or iris. The diaphragm has different-sized holes that control the amount of light passing through it. Based on the transparency of the specimen, adjustment of the diaphragm setting to achieve a needed degree of contrast is possible.Iris is used to increase or reducing the condenser aperture. Iris is closed for about two-thirds for 10X objective, Iris is open more for 40X objective, and iris is fully open for 100X objective. One should use lamp brightness control, not the iris, to reduce the illumination intensity. If the condenser aperture is closed too much, there will be a loss of detail (resolution) in the image.CondenserBeneath the stage is a group of lenses that comprise the condenser. The condenser accepts parallel light rays produced by an illuminator and condenses them into a strong beam. It causes light rays from the light source to converge on the microscopic slide. The clarity of the image increases with the higher magnification of the condenser.For routine transmitted light microscopy following type of condenser and fittings are recommended.Abb type condenser with iris diaphragmFacility to center the condenser in its mount unless precentered by the manufacturer.Fitted with a filter holder of the swing-out type.Abbe condenser is present in the more sophisticated microscopes with a higher magnification of 1000X. The condenser focus knob helps in the up-down movement of the condenser and aids in controlling the focus of light on the specimen. ApertureIt is the hole present in the microscopic stage. Through the aperture, the transmitted light reaches the stage from the source.StageThe stage is a flat platform positioned about halfway up the arm. It is the part that holds the slides in place using simple or mechanical stage clips and enables them to be examined in a controlled way. The specimen can be moved systematically up and down and across the stage, i.e., X and Y movements.The stage is moved up or down using a sub-stage adjustment knob. An operator can move the slide around during a microscopic examination using stage control knobs. An integral, smooth-running mechanical stage, preferably with vernier scales to enable specimens to be easily located, is needed for smooth microscopic operations in a laboratory.Objective lensThese are primary lenses that magnify the specimens. Four objective lenses are present in the compound light microscope. The shortest lens has the lowest power. Similarly, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. The higher power objective lenses are retractable, i.e., when they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in, thereby protecting the lens and the slide.Objective lens of a microscope(4X): It is a scanning objective lens. It also provides the lowest magnification power of all objective lenses.(10X): It is a low-power lens. Lower magnifications locate specimen samples in certain areas on a microscope slide.(40 X): It is a high-power lens. 40X objective lens is applicable for examination of wet preparations e.g, hanging drop, and ova and cyst examination in the stool.(100 X): It is the oil-immersion lens. The lenses on which oil is used are called oil-immersion lenses. Visualization of bacteria generally requires immersion oil with 100X objective (i.e. total magnification of 1000X). Magnification of 1000X is sufficient for the visualization of fungi, most parasites, and bacteria but is not enough for observing viruses that require magnification of 100,000X or more. Electron microscope provides such magnification.Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).Body TubeIt transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

\[\hat{\bf \rho} = \hat{\bf x}\cos\phi + \hat{\bf y}\cos\phi \nonumber \] yielding \[\widetilde{\bf E} = \left( \hat{\bf x}\cos\phi + \hat{\bf y}\cos\phi \right) E_{\rho} e^{-j\beta z} \label{m0131_eLinAI} \]

The rotation of the electric field vector can also be identified mathematically. When \(E_x = E_0\) and \(E_y = +jE_0\), Equation \ref{m0131_eCirc1} can be written:

Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

Cell membranes are usually impermeable to foreign materials, which means materials like proteins and nucleic acid cannot enter the cells. The phenomenon of using an electric pulse helps in creating...Continue Reading

In the example above, the electric field vector rotates either clockwise or counter-clockwise relative to the direction of propagation. The direction of this rotation can be identified by pointing the thumb of the left hand in the direction of propagation; in this case, the fingers of the left hand curl in the direction of rotation. For this reason, this particular form of circular polarization is known as left circular (or ”left-hand” circular) polarization (LCP). If we instead had chosen \(E_y = -jE_0 = -jE_x\), then the direction of \({\bf E}\) rotates in the opposite direction, giving rise to right circular (or “right-hand” circular) polarization (RCP). These two conditions are illustrated in Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\).

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A mirror or electric bulb is provided as the source of light rays. The function of the mirror is to provide reflected light from a lamp or sunlight. Most microscopes today have built-in lamps that provide necessary illumination.You can turn on and off the light source using a switch and adjust the illumination intensity by turning the light adjustment knob. This knob is calibrated with a scale of 1 to 10; 1 is low intensity, and 10 is high intensity.Diaphragm (Iris)Many microscopes have a rotating disk under the stage known as the diaphragm or iris. The diaphragm has different-sized holes that control the amount of light passing through it. Based on the transparency of the specimen, adjustment of the diaphragm setting to achieve a needed degree of contrast is possible.Iris is used to increase or reducing the condenser aperture. Iris is closed for about two-thirds for 10X objective, Iris is open more for 40X objective, and iris is fully open for 100X objective. One should use lamp brightness control, not the iris, to reduce the illumination intensity. If the condenser aperture is closed too much, there will be a loss of detail (resolution) in the image.CondenserBeneath the stage is a group of lenses that comprise the condenser. The condenser accepts parallel light rays produced by an illuminator and condenses them into a strong beam. It causes light rays from the light source to converge on the microscopic slide. The clarity of the image increases with the higher magnification of the condenser.For routine transmitted light microscopy following type of condenser and fittings are recommended.Abb type condenser with iris diaphragmFacility to center the condenser in its mount unless precentered by the manufacturer.Fitted with a filter holder of the swing-out type.Abbe condenser is present in the more sophisticated microscopes with a higher magnification of 1000X. The condenser focus knob helps in the up-down movement of the condenser and aids in controlling the focus of light on the specimen. ApertureIt is the hole present in the microscopic stage. Through the aperture, the transmitted light reaches the stage from the source.StageThe stage is a flat platform positioned about halfway up the arm. It is the part that holds the slides in place using simple or mechanical stage clips and enables them to be examined in a controlled way. The specimen can be moved systematically up and down and across the stage, i.e., X and Y movements.The stage is moved up or down using a sub-stage adjustment knob. An operator can move the slide around during a microscopic examination using stage control knobs. An integral, smooth-running mechanical stage, preferably with vernier scales to enable specimens to be easily located, is needed for smooth microscopic operations in a laboratory.Objective lensThese are primary lenses that magnify the specimens. Four objective lenses are present in the compound light microscope. The shortest lens has the lowest power. Similarly, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. The higher power objective lenses are retractable, i.e., when they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in, thereby protecting the lens and the slide.Objective lens of a microscope(4X): It is a scanning objective lens. It also provides the lowest magnification power of all objective lenses.(10X): It is a low-power lens. Lower magnifications locate specimen samples in certain areas on a microscope slide.(40 X): It is a high-power lens. 40X objective lens is applicable for examination of wet preparations e.g, hanging drop, and ova and cyst examination in the stool.(100 X): It is the oil-immersion lens. The lenses on which oil is used are called oil-immersion lenses. Visualization of bacteria generally requires immersion oil with 100X objective (i.e. total magnification of 1000X). Magnification of 1000X is sufficient for the visualization of fungi, most parasites, and bacteria but is not enough for observing viruses that require magnification of 100,000X or more. Electron microscope provides such magnification.Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).Body TubeIt transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

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Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).

Polarization refers to the orientation of the electric field vector. For waves, the term “polarization” refers specifically to the orientation of this vector with increasing distance along the direction of propagation, or, equivalently, the orientation of this vector with increasing time at a fixed point in space. The relevant concepts are readily demonstrated for uniform plane waves, as shown in this section. A review of Section 9.5 (“Uniform Plane Waves: Characteristics”) is recommended before reading further.

The coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).

Shallow depth of field is achieved by shooting photographs with a low f-number, or f-stop — from 1.4 to about 5.6 — to let in more light. This puts your plane ...

It is the hole present in the microscopic stage. Through the aperture, the transmitted light reaches the stage from the source.

Hello, I am Sushmita Baniya from Nepal. I have completed M.Sc Medical Microbiology. I am interested in Genetics and Molecular Biology.

Linearly polarizedlight

Iris is used to increase or reducing the condenser aperture. Iris is closed for about two-thirds for 10X objective, Iris is open more for 40X objective, and iris is fully open for 100X objective. One should use lamp brightness control, not the iris, to reduce the illumination intensity. If the condenser aperture is closed too much, there will be a loss of detail (resolution) in the image.

For routine transmitted light microscopy following type of condenser and fittings are recommended.Abb type condenser with iris diaphragmFacility to center the condenser in its mount unless precentered by the manufacturer.Fitted with a filter holder of the swing-out type.Abbe condenser is present in the more sophisticated microscopes with a higher magnification of 1000X. The condenser focus knob helps in the up-down movement of the condenser and aids in controlling the focus of light on the specimen. ApertureIt is the hole present in the microscopic stage. Through the aperture, the transmitted light reaches the stage from the source.StageThe stage is a flat platform positioned about halfway up the arm. It is the part that holds the slides in place using simple or mechanical stage clips and enables them to be examined in a controlled way. The specimen can be moved systematically up and down and across the stage, i.e., X and Y movements.The stage is moved up or down using a sub-stage adjustment knob. An operator can move the slide around during a microscopic examination using stage control knobs. An integral, smooth-running mechanical stage, preferably with vernier scales to enable specimens to be easily located, is needed for smooth microscopic operations in a laboratory.Objective lensThese are primary lenses that magnify the specimens. Four objective lenses are present in the compound light microscope. The shortest lens has the lowest power. Similarly, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. The higher power objective lenses are retractable, i.e., when they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in, thereby protecting the lens and the slide.Objective lens of a microscope(4X): It is a scanning objective lens. It also provides the lowest magnification power of all objective lenses.(10X): It is a low-power lens. Lower magnifications locate specimen samples in certain areas on a microscope slide.(40 X): It is a high-power lens. 40X objective lens is applicable for examination of wet preparations e.g, hanging drop, and ova and cyst examination in the stool.(100 X): It is the oil-immersion lens. The lenses on which oil is used are called oil-immersion lenses. Visualization of bacteria generally requires immersion oil with 100X objective (i.e. total magnification of 1000X). Magnification of 1000X is sufficient for the visualization of fungi, most parasites, and bacteria but is not enough for observing viruses that require magnification of 100,000X or more. Electron microscope provides such magnification.Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).Body TubeIt transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

Circularly polarised lightvs polarizedlight

Abbe condenser is present in the more sophisticated microscopes with a higher magnification of 1000X. The condenser focus knob helps in the up-down movement of the condenser and aids in controlling the focus of light on the specimen. ApertureIt is the hole present in the microscopic stage. Through the aperture, the transmitted light reaches the stage from the source.StageThe stage is a flat platform positioned about halfway up the arm. It is the part that holds the slides in place using simple or mechanical stage clips and enables them to be examined in a controlled way. The specimen can be moved systematically up and down and across the stage, i.e., X and Y movements.The stage is moved up or down using a sub-stage adjustment knob. An operator can move the slide around during a microscopic examination using stage control knobs. An integral, smooth-running mechanical stage, preferably with vernier scales to enable specimens to be easily located, is needed for smooth microscopic operations in a laboratory.Objective lensThese are primary lenses that magnify the specimens. Four objective lenses are present in the compound light microscope. The shortest lens has the lowest power. Similarly, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. The higher power objective lenses are retractable, i.e., when they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in, thereby protecting the lens and the slide.Objective lens of a microscope(4X): It is a scanning objective lens. It also provides the lowest magnification power of all objective lenses.(10X): It is a low-power lens. Lower magnifications locate specimen samples in certain areas on a microscope slide.(40 X): It is a high-power lens. 40X objective lens is applicable for examination of wet preparations e.g, hanging drop, and ova and cyst examination in the stool.(100 X): It is the oil-immersion lens. The lenses on which oil is used are called oil-immersion lenses. Visualization of bacteria generally requires immersion oil with 100X objective (i.e. total magnification of 1000X). Magnification of 1000X is sufficient for the visualization of fungi, most parasites, and bacteria but is not enough for observing viruses that require magnification of 100,000X or more. Electron microscope provides such magnification.Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).Body TubeIt transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

References and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

The arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

The stage is moved up or down using a sub-stage adjustment knob. An operator can move the slide around during a microscopic examination using stage control knobs. An integral, smooth-running mechanical stage, preferably with vernier scales to enable specimens to be easily located, is needed for smooth microscopic operations in a laboratory.Objective lensThese are primary lenses that magnify the specimens. Four objective lenses are present in the compound light microscope. The shortest lens has the lowest power. Similarly, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. The higher power objective lenses are retractable, i.e., when they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in, thereby protecting the lens and the slide.Objective lens of a microscope(4X): It is a scanning objective lens. It also provides the lowest magnification power of all objective lenses.(10X): It is a low-power lens. Lower magnifications locate specimen samples in certain areas on a microscope slide.(40 X): It is a high-power lens. 40X objective lens is applicable for examination of wet preparations e.g, hanging drop, and ova and cyst examination in the stool.(100 X): It is the oil-immersion lens. The lenses on which oil is used are called oil-immersion lenses. Visualization of bacteria generally requires immersion oil with 100X objective (i.e. total magnification of 1000X). Magnification of 1000X is sufficient for the visualization of fungi, most parasites, and bacteria but is not enough for observing viruses that require magnification of 100,000X or more. Electron microscope provides such magnification.Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).Body TubeIt transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

When written in this form, \(\phi=0\) corresponds to \(\widetilde{\bf E}=\widetilde{\bf E}_x\), \(\phi=\pi/2\) corresponds to \(\widetilde{\bf E}=\widetilde{\bf E}_y\), and any other value of \(\phi\) corresponds to some other constant orientation of the electric field vector; see Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) for an example.

Left and rightcircularlypolarizedlight

Histology studies biological tissues that are preserved carefully, usually by embedding them in paraffin wax. These methods of careful preservation maintain relationships between cells and their...Continue Reading

Here \(E_x\) is a complex-valued constant representing the magnitude and phase of the wave, and \(\beta\) is the positive real-valued propagation constant. Therefore, this wave is propagating in the \(+\hat{\bf z}\) direction in lossless media. This wave is said to exhibit linear polarization (and “linearly polarized”) because the electric field always points in the same direction, namely \(+\hat{\bf x}\). Now consider the wave

This page titled 9.6: Wave Polarization is shared under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Steven W. Ellingson (Virginia Tech Libraries' Open Education Initiative) via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform.

The symbol for micrometer is μm. There are 1,000 micrometers in a millimeter. The International spelling for this unit is micrometre. caret Conversion Formula.

You can turn on and off the light source using a switch and adjust the illumination intensity by turning the light adjustment knob. This knob is calibrated with a scale of 1 to 10; 1 is low intensity, and 10 is high intensity.

The microscope was developed in the 16th century. Antony van Leeuwenhoek made the first modern microscope. He is also known as the father of microscopy. Microscopy is the technical term in which the microscope is used for investigation.Do you know?Antoni van Leeuwenhoek is the first person to see bacteria.There are different types of microscopes based on their working mechanism and functions, but the microscopes can be broadly classified into;Light (optical) microscope andElectron microscopeTable of ContentsToggleThe Light Microscope  Parts of Compound Microscope    Illuminator (Light Source)Diaphragm (Iris)CondenserApertureStageObjective lensBody TubeOcular Lens (eye-piece)Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobArmBaseMicroscope WorksheetThe Light Microscope  Light microscopes are used to examine cells at relatively low magnifications. Magnifications of about 2000X are the upper limit for light microscopes. The highest resolution of a light microscope is about 0.2 μm. The use of blue light to illuminate a specimen gives the highest resolution. It is because blue light is of a shorter wavelength than white or red light. For this reason, many light microscopes come fitted with a blue filter over the condenser lens to improve resolution.The common light microscope used in the laboratory is called a compound microscope. It is because it contains two types of lenses; ocular and objective. The ocular lens is the lens close to the eye, and the objective lens is the lens close to the object. These lenses work together to magnify the image of an object. Parts of Compound Microscope    There are twelve parts in a compound microscope. They are as follows:  Parts of Binocular Medical Microscope with built-in IlluminationIlluminator (Light Source)A mirror or electric bulb is provided as the source of light rays. The function of the mirror is to provide reflected light from a lamp or sunlight. Most microscopes today have built-in lamps that provide necessary illumination.You can turn on and off the light source using a switch and adjust the illumination intensity by turning the light adjustment knob. This knob is calibrated with a scale of 1 to 10; 1 is low intensity, and 10 is high intensity.Diaphragm (Iris)Many microscopes have a rotating disk under the stage known as the diaphragm or iris. The diaphragm has different-sized holes that control the amount of light passing through it. Based on the transparency of the specimen, adjustment of the diaphragm setting to achieve a needed degree of contrast is possible.Iris is used to increase or reducing the condenser aperture. Iris is closed for about two-thirds for 10X objective, Iris is open more for 40X objective, and iris is fully open for 100X objective. One should use lamp brightness control, not the iris, to reduce the illumination intensity. If the condenser aperture is closed too much, there will be a loss of detail (resolution) in the image.CondenserBeneath the stage is a group of lenses that comprise the condenser. The condenser accepts parallel light rays produced by an illuminator and condenses them into a strong beam. It causes light rays from the light source to converge on the microscopic slide. The clarity of the image increases with the higher magnification of the condenser.For routine transmitted light microscopy following type of condenser and fittings are recommended.Abb type condenser with iris diaphragmFacility to center the condenser in its mount unless precentered by the manufacturer.Fitted with a filter holder of the swing-out type.Abbe condenser is present in the more sophisticated microscopes with a higher magnification of 1000X. The condenser focus knob helps in the up-down movement of the condenser and aids in controlling the focus of light on the specimen. ApertureIt is the hole present in the microscopic stage. Through the aperture, the transmitted light reaches the stage from the source.StageThe stage is a flat platform positioned about halfway up the arm. It is the part that holds the slides in place using simple or mechanical stage clips and enables them to be examined in a controlled way. The specimen can be moved systematically up and down and across the stage, i.e., X and Y movements.The stage is moved up or down using a sub-stage adjustment knob. An operator can move the slide around during a microscopic examination using stage control knobs. An integral, smooth-running mechanical stage, preferably with vernier scales to enable specimens to be easily located, is needed for smooth microscopic operations in a laboratory.Objective lensThese are primary lenses that magnify the specimens. Four objective lenses are present in the compound light microscope. The shortest lens has the lowest power. Similarly, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. The higher power objective lenses are retractable, i.e., when they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in, thereby protecting the lens and the slide.Objective lens of a microscope(4X): It is a scanning objective lens. It also provides the lowest magnification power of all objective lenses.(10X): It is a low-power lens. Lower magnifications locate specimen samples in certain areas on a microscope slide.(40 X): It is a high-power lens. 40X objective lens is applicable for examination of wet preparations e.g, hanging drop, and ova and cyst examination in the stool.(100 X): It is the oil-immersion lens. The lenses on which oil is used are called oil-immersion lenses. Visualization of bacteria generally requires immersion oil with 100X objective (i.e. total magnification of 1000X). Magnification of 1000X is sufficient for the visualization of fungi, most parasites, and bacteria but is not enough for observing viruses that require magnification of 100,000X or more. Electron microscope provides such magnification.Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).Body TubeIt transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

In engineering applications, circular polarization is useful when the relative orientations of transmit and receive equipment is variable and/or when the medium is able rotate the electric field vector. For example, radio communications involving satellites in non-geosynchronous orbits typically employ circular polarization. In particular, satellites of the U.S. Global Positioning System (GPS) transmit circular polarization because of the variable geometry of the space-to-earth radio link and the tendency of the Earth’s ionosphere to rotate the electric field vector through a mechanism known Faraday rotation (sometimes called the “Faraday effect”). If GPS were instead to transmit using a linear polarization, then a receiver would need to continuously adjust the orientation of its antenna in order to optimally receive the signal. Circularly-polarized radio waves can be generated (or received) using pairs of perpendicularly-oriented dipoles that are fed the same signal but with a \(90^{\circ}\) phase shift, or alternatively by using an antenna that is intrinsically circularly-polarized, such as a helical antenna (see “Additional Reading” at the end of this section).

Elliptically polarizedlight

A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.

Laowa 6mm T2.1 Zero-D MFT is the widest rectilinear lens you can find in the Micro Four Thirds market. With a 121.9° angle of view and maximum T2.1 t-stop, ...

As anticipated, we see that both \({\bf E}_x\) and \({\bf E}_y\) vary sinusoidally, but are \(\pi/2\) radians out of phase resulting in rotation in the plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation.

Beneath the stage is a group of lenses that comprise the condenser. The condenser accepts parallel light rays produced by an illuminator and condenses them into a strong beam. It causes light rays from the light source to converge on the microscopic slide. The clarity of the image increases with the higher magnification of the condenser.For routine transmitted light microscopy following type of condenser and fittings are recommended.Abb type condenser with iris diaphragmFacility to center the condenser in its mount unless precentered by the manufacturer.Fitted with a filter holder of the swing-out type.Abbe condenser is present in the more sophisticated microscopes with a higher magnification of 1000X. The condenser focus knob helps in the up-down movement of the condenser and aids in controlling the focus of light on the specimen. ApertureIt is the hole present in the microscopic stage. Through the aperture, the transmitted light reaches the stage from the source.StageThe stage is a flat platform positioned about halfway up the arm. It is the part that holds the slides in place using simple or mechanical stage clips and enables them to be examined in a controlled way. The specimen can be moved systematically up and down and across the stage, i.e., X and Y movements.The stage is moved up or down using a sub-stage adjustment knob. An operator can move the slide around during a microscopic examination using stage control knobs. An integral, smooth-running mechanical stage, preferably with vernier scales to enable specimens to be easily located, is needed for smooth microscopic operations in a laboratory.Objective lensThese are primary lenses that magnify the specimens. Four objective lenses are present in the compound light microscope. The shortest lens has the lowest power. Similarly, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. The higher power objective lenses are retractable, i.e., when they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in, thereby protecting the lens and the slide.Objective lens of a microscope(4X): It is a scanning objective lens. It also provides the lowest magnification power of all objective lenses.(10X): It is a low-power lens. Lower magnifications locate specimen samples in certain areas on a microscope slide.(40 X): It is a high-power lens. 40X objective lens is applicable for examination of wet preparations e.g, hanging drop, and ova and cyst examination in the stool.(100 X): It is the oil-immersion lens. The lenses on which oil is used are called oil-immersion lenses. Visualization of bacteria generally requires immersion oil with 100X objective (i.e. total magnification of 1000X). Magnification of 1000X is sufficient for the visualization of fungi, most parasites, and bacteria but is not enough for observing viruses that require magnification of 100,000X or more. Electron microscope provides such magnification.Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).Body TubeIt transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

A wave is said to exhibit linear polarization if the direction of the electric field vector does not vary with either time or position.

Oct 2, 2023 — ... camera to be 0.5x instead of 1x? I have already turned on the setting for "Remember my last setting that I left the Camera app on". However ...

The world of scientific discovery heavily relies on the powerful tool known as the microscope. This remarkable instrument may seem deceptively simple, but it is a complex symphony of various parts and components working together harmoniously. Each component plays a crucial role in unlocking the secrets of the microscopic world. From the eyepiece to the objective lens, the stage, and the illuminator, every piece of the microscope has a specific function that contributes to the clarity and precision of the observed images.

Linear polarization arises when the source of the wave is linearly polarized. A common example is the wave radiated by a straight wire antenna, such as a dipole or a monopole. Linear polarization may also be created by passing a plane wave through a polarizer; this is particularly common at optical frequencies (see “Additional Reading” at the end of this section).

Circularlypolarizedlightequation

Set your camera aperture on f/8 or lower, zoom the lens out to its longest focal length, and get as close to the subject as possible while still being able to ...

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The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.

It transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

The base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

Trends in Cell Biology Impact Factor, IF, number of article, detailed information and journal factor. ISSN: 0962-8924.

This article delves into the symphony of microscope parts, exploring how each component plays a vital role in scientific discovery. Whether you are a seasoned scientist or fascinated by the world of microscopy, join us as we explore the intricate details of this extraordinary tool and its impact on unraveling the mysteries of the microscopic realm.

To begin, consider the following uniform plane wave, described in terms of the phasor representation of its electric field intensity:

What doescircularlypolarizedlightlook like

Linear and circular polarization are certainly not the only possibilities. Elliptical polarization results when \(E_x\) and \(E_y\) do not have equal magnitude. Elliptical polarization is typically not an intended condition, but rather is most commonly observed as a degradation in a system that is nominally linearly- or circularly-polarized. For example, most antennas that are said to be “circularly polarized” instead produce circular polarization only in one direction and various degrees of elliptical polarization in all other directions.

Circularlypolarizedlightanimation

\begin{align} \mathbf{E} &=\operatorname{Re}\left\{\widetilde{\mathbf{E}} e^{j \omega t}\right\} \nonumber \\ &=\operatorname{Re}\left\{(\hat{\mathbf{x}}+j \hat{\mathbf{y}}) E_{0} e^{-j \beta z} e^{j \omega t}\right\} \nonumber \\ &=\hat{\mathbf{x}}E_{0} \cos (\omega t-\beta z)+\hat{\mathbf{y}}E_{0} \cos \left(\omega t-\beta z+\frac{\pi}{2}\right) \end{align}

\begin{align} \tilde{\mathbf{E}} &=\tilde{\mathbf{E}}_{x}+\tilde{\mathbf{E}}_{y} \nonumber \\ &=\left(\hat{\mathbf{x}} E_{x}+\hat{\mathbf{y}} E_{y}\right) e^{-j \beta z} \label{m0131_eCirc1} \end{align}

The revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

Many microscopes have a rotating disk under the stage known as the diaphragm or iris. The diaphragm has different-sized holes that control the amount of light passing through it. Based on the transparency of the specimen, adjustment of the diaphragm setting to achieve a needed degree of contrast is possible.Iris is used to increase or reducing the condenser aperture. Iris is closed for about two-thirds for 10X objective, Iris is open more for 40X objective, and iris is fully open for 100X objective. One should use lamp brightness control, not the iris, to reduce the illumination intensity. If the condenser aperture is closed too much, there will be a loss of detail (resolution) in the image.CondenserBeneath the stage is a group of lenses that comprise the condenser. The condenser accepts parallel light rays produced by an illuminator and condenses them into a strong beam. It causes light rays from the light source to converge on the microscopic slide. The clarity of the image increases with the higher magnification of the condenser.For routine transmitted light microscopy following type of condenser and fittings are recommended.Abb type condenser with iris diaphragmFacility to center the condenser in its mount unless precentered by the manufacturer.Fitted with a filter holder of the swing-out type.Abbe condenser is present in the more sophisticated microscopes with a higher magnification of 1000X. The condenser focus knob helps in the up-down movement of the condenser and aids in controlling the focus of light on the specimen. ApertureIt is the hole present in the microscopic stage. Through the aperture, the transmitted light reaches the stage from the source.StageThe stage is a flat platform positioned about halfway up the arm. It is the part that holds the slides in place using simple or mechanical stage clips and enables them to be examined in a controlled way. The specimen can be moved systematically up and down and across the stage, i.e., X and Y movements.The stage is moved up or down using a sub-stage adjustment knob. An operator can move the slide around during a microscopic examination using stage control knobs. An integral, smooth-running mechanical stage, preferably with vernier scales to enable specimens to be easily located, is needed for smooth microscopic operations in a laboratory.Objective lensThese are primary lenses that magnify the specimens. Four objective lenses are present in the compound light microscope. The shortest lens has the lowest power. Similarly, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. The higher power objective lenses are retractable, i.e., when they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in, thereby protecting the lens and the slide.Objective lens of a microscope(4X): It is a scanning objective lens. It also provides the lowest magnification power of all objective lenses.(10X): It is a low-power lens. Lower magnifications locate specimen samples in certain areas on a microscope slide.(40 X): It is a high-power lens. 40X objective lens is applicable for examination of wet preparations e.g, hanging drop, and ova and cyst examination in the stool.(100 X): It is the oil-immersion lens. The lenses on which oil is used are called oil-immersion lenses. Visualization of bacteria generally requires immersion oil with 100X objective (i.e. total magnification of 1000X). Magnification of 1000X is sufficient for the visualization of fungi, most parasites, and bacteria but is not enough for observing viruses that require magnification of 100,000X or more. Electron microscope provides such magnification.Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).Body TubeIt transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

These are primary lenses that magnify the specimens. Four objective lenses are present in the compound light microscope. The shortest lens has the lowest power. Similarly, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. The higher power objective lenses are retractable, i.e., when they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in, thereby protecting the lens and the slide.Objective lens of a microscope(4X): It is a scanning objective lens. It also provides the lowest magnification power of all objective lenses.(10X): It is a low-power lens. Lower magnifications locate specimen samples in certain areas on a microscope slide.(40 X): It is a high-power lens. 40X objective lens is applicable for examination of wet preparations e.g, hanging drop, and ova and cyst examination in the stool.(100 X): It is the oil-immersion lens. The lenses on which oil is used are called oil-immersion lenses. Visualization of bacteria generally requires immersion oil with 100X objective (i.e. total magnification of 1000X). Magnification of 1000X is sufficient for the visualization of fungi, most parasites, and bacteria but is not enough for observing viruses that require magnification of 100,000X or more. Electron microscope provides such magnification.Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).Body TubeIt transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

Note that \(\widetilde{\bf E}_y\) is identical to \(\widetilde{\bf E}_x\) except that the electric field vector now points in the \(+\hat{\bf y}\) direction and has magnitude and phase that is different by the factor \(E_y/E_x\). This wave too is said to exhibit linear polarization, because, again, the direction of the electric field is constant with both time and position. In fact, all linearly-polarized uniform plane waves propagating in the \(+\hat{\bf z}\) direction in lossless media can be described as follows: \[\widetilde{\bf E} = \hat{\bf \rho}E_{\rho} e^{-j\beta z} \nonumber \] This is so because \(\hat{\bf \rho}\) could be \(\hat{\bf x}\), \(\hat{\bf y}\), or any other direction that is perpendicular to \(\hat{\bf z}\). If one is determined to use Cartesian coordinates, the above expression may be rewritten using (Section 4.3)

A wave is said to exhibit circular polarization if the electric field vector rotates with constant magnitude. Left- and right-circular polarizations may be identified by the direction of rotation with respect to the direction of propagation.

Circularly polarised lightmeaning

Microscope objectives corrected for chromatic aberration across the entire visible spectrum.

Microbeonline.com is an online guidebook on Microbiology, precisely speaking, Medical Microbiology. This blog shares information and resources about pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.  We are trying our best to make this site user-friendly and resourceful with timely/updated information about each pathogen, disease caused by them, pathogenesis, and laboratory diagnosis.

It is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

Coarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

Each eye features a meticulously carved iris that captures light in the most enchanting ways. The brilliance of their colors radiates, making your creations ...

The condenser, for example, gathers and focuses light onto the specimen, while the diaphragm controls the intensity and direction of the light. Without these components working in perfect harmony, scientific discoveries ranging from studying cells to examining microorganisms would not be possible. This article delves into the symphony of microscope parts, exploring how each component plays a vital role in scientific discovery. Whether you are a seasoned scientist or fascinated by the world of microscopy, join us as we explore the intricate details of this extraordinary tool and its impact on unraveling the mysteries of the microscopic realm.The microscope was developed in the 16th century. Antony van Leeuwenhoek made the first modern microscope. He is also known as the father of microscopy. Microscopy is the technical term in which the microscope is used for investigation.Do you know?Antoni van Leeuwenhoek is the first person to see bacteria.There are different types of microscopes based on their working mechanism and functions, but the microscopes can be broadly classified into;Light (optical) microscope andElectron microscopeTable of ContentsToggleThe Light Microscope  Parts of Compound Microscope    Illuminator (Light Source)Diaphragm (Iris)CondenserApertureStageObjective lensBody TubeOcular Lens (eye-piece)Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobArmBaseMicroscope WorksheetThe Light Microscope  Light microscopes are used to examine cells at relatively low magnifications. Magnifications of about 2000X are the upper limit for light microscopes. The highest resolution of a light microscope is about 0.2 μm. The use of blue light to illuminate a specimen gives the highest resolution. It is because blue light is of a shorter wavelength than white or red light. For this reason, many light microscopes come fitted with a blue filter over the condenser lens to improve resolution.The common light microscope used in the laboratory is called a compound microscope. It is because it contains two types of lenses; ocular and objective. The ocular lens is the lens close to the eye, and the objective lens is the lens close to the object. These lenses work together to magnify the image of an object. Parts of Compound Microscope    There are twelve parts in a compound microscope. They are as follows:  Parts of Binocular Medical Microscope with built-in IlluminationIlluminator (Light Source)A mirror or electric bulb is provided as the source of light rays. The function of the mirror is to provide reflected light from a lamp or sunlight. Most microscopes today have built-in lamps that provide necessary illumination.You can turn on and off the light source using a switch and adjust the illumination intensity by turning the light adjustment knob. This knob is calibrated with a scale of 1 to 10; 1 is low intensity, and 10 is high intensity.Diaphragm (Iris)Many microscopes have a rotating disk under the stage known as the diaphragm or iris. The diaphragm has different-sized holes that control the amount of light passing through it. Based on the transparency of the specimen, adjustment of the diaphragm setting to achieve a needed degree of contrast is possible.Iris is used to increase or reducing the condenser aperture. Iris is closed for about two-thirds for 10X objective, Iris is open more for 40X objective, and iris is fully open for 100X objective. One should use lamp brightness control, not the iris, to reduce the illumination intensity. If the condenser aperture is closed too much, there will be a loss of detail (resolution) in the image.CondenserBeneath the stage is a group of lenses that comprise the condenser. The condenser accepts parallel light rays produced by an illuminator and condenses them into a strong beam. It causes light rays from the light source to converge on the microscopic slide. The clarity of the image increases with the higher magnification of the condenser.For routine transmitted light microscopy following type of condenser and fittings are recommended.Abb type condenser with iris diaphragmFacility to center the condenser in its mount unless precentered by the manufacturer.Fitted with a filter holder of the swing-out type.Abbe condenser is present in the more sophisticated microscopes with a higher magnification of 1000X. The condenser focus knob helps in the up-down movement of the condenser and aids in controlling the focus of light on the specimen. ApertureIt is the hole present in the microscopic stage. Through the aperture, the transmitted light reaches the stage from the source.StageThe stage is a flat platform positioned about halfway up the arm. It is the part that holds the slides in place using simple or mechanical stage clips and enables them to be examined in a controlled way. The specimen can be moved systematically up and down and across the stage, i.e., X and Y movements.The stage is moved up or down using a sub-stage adjustment knob. An operator can move the slide around during a microscopic examination using stage control knobs. An integral, smooth-running mechanical stage, preferably with vernier scales to enable specimens to be easily located, is needed for smooth microscopic operations in a laboratory.Objective lensThese are primary lenses that magnify the specimens. Four objective lenses are present in the compound light microscope. The shortest lens has the lowest power. Similarly, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. The higher power objective lenses are retractable, i.e., when they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in, thereby protecting the lens and the slide.Objective lens of a microscope(4X): It is a scanning objective lens. It also provides the lowest magnification power of all objective lenses.(10X): It is a low-power lens. Lower magnifications locate specimen samples in certain areas on a microscope slide.(40 X): It is a high-power lens. 40X objective lens is applicable for examination of wet preparations e.g, hanging drop, and ova and cyst examination in the stool.(100 X): It is the oil-immersion lens. The lenses on which oil is used are called oil-immersion lenses. Visualization of bacteria generally requires immersion oil with 100X objective (i.e. total magnification of 1000X). Magnification of 1000X is sufficient for the visualization of fungi, most parasites, and bacteria but is not enough for observing viruses that require magnification of 100,000X or more. Electron microscope provides such magnification.Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).Body TubeIt transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

There are different types of microscopes based on their working mechanism and functions, but the microscopes can be broadly classified into;

A commonly-encountered alternative to linear polarization is circular polarization. For an explanation, let us return to the linearly-polarized plane waves \(\widetilde{\bf E}_x\) and \(\widetilde{\bf E}_y\) defined earlier. If both of these waves exist simultaneously, then the total electric field intensity is simply the sum:

A fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

The stage is a flat platform positioned about halfway up the arm. It is the part that holds the slides in place using simple or mechanical stage clips and enables them to be examined in a controlled way. The specimen can be moved systematically up and down and across the stage, i.e., X and Y movements.The stage is moved up or down using a sub-stage adjustment knob. An operator can move the slide around during a microscopic examination using stage control knobs. An integral, smooth-running mechanical stage, preferably with vernier scales to enable specimens to be easily located, is needed for smooth microscopic operations in a laboratory.Objective lensThese are primary lenses that magnify the specimens. Four objective lenses are present in the compound light microscope. The shortest lens has the lowest power. Similarly, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. The higher power objective lenses are retractable, i.e., when they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in, thereby protecting the lens and the slide.Objective lens of a microscope(4X): It is a scanning objective lens. It also provides the lowest magnification power of all objective lenses.(10X): It is a low-power lens. Lower magnifications locate specimen samples in certain areas on a microscope slide.(40 X): It is a high-power lens. 40X objective lens is applicable for examination of wet preparations e.g, hanging drop, and ova and cyst examination in the stool.(100 X): It is the oil-immersion lens. The lenses on which oil is used are called oil-immersion lenses. Visualization of bacteria generally requires immersion oil with 100X objective (i.e. total magnification of 1000X). Magnification of 1000X is sufficient for the visualization of fungi, most parasites, and bacteria but is not enough for observing viruses that require magnification of 100,000X or more. Electron microscope provides such magnification.Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).Body TubeIt transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

If the phase of \(E_x\) and \(E_y\) is the same, then \(E_x = E_{\rho}\cos\phi\), \(E_y = E_{\rho}\sin\phi\), and the above expression is essentially the same as Equation \ref{m0131_eLinAI}. In this case, \(\widetilde{\bf E}\) is linearly polarized. But what if the phases of \(E_x\) and \(E_y\) are different? In particular, let’s consider the following case. Let \(E_x = E_0\), some complex-valued constant, and let \(E_y = +jE_0\), which is \(E_0\) phase-shifted by \(+\pi/2\) radians. With no further math, it is apparent that \(\widetilde{\bf E}_x\) and \(\widetilde{\bf E}_y\) are different only in that one is phase-shifted by \(\pi/2\) radians relative to the other. For the physical (real-valued) fields, this means that \({\bf E}_x\) has maximum magnitude when \({\bf E}_y\) is zero and vice versa. As a result, the direction of \({\bf E}={\bf E}_x+{\bf E}_y\) will rotate in the \(x-y\) plane, as shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\).

Fine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

Light microscopes are used to examine cells at relatively low magnifications. Magnifications of about 2000X are the upper limit for light microscopes. The highest resolution of a light microscope is about 0.2 μm. The use of blue light to illuminate a specimen gives the highest resolution. It is because blue light is of a shorter wavelength than white or red light. For this reason, many light microscopes come fitted with a blue filter over the condenser lens to improve resolution.The common light microscope used in the laboratory is called a compound microscope. It is because it contains two types of lenses; ocular and objective. The ocular lens is the lens close to the eye, and the objective lens is the lens close to the object. These lenses work together to magnify the image of an object. Parts of Compound Microscope    There are twelve parts in a compound microscope. They are as follows:  Parts of Binocular Medical Microscope with built-in IlluminationIlluminator (Light Source)A mirror or electric bulb is provided as the source of light rays. The function of the mirror is to provide reflected light from a lamp or sunlight. Most microscopes today have built-in lamps that provide necessary illumination.You can turn on and off the light source using a switch and adjust the illumination intensity by turning the light adjustment knob. This knob is calibrated with a scale of 1 to 10; 1 is low intensity, and 10 is high intensity.Diaphragm (Iris)Many microscopes have a rotating disk under the stage known as the diaphragm or iris. The diaphragm has different-sized holes that control the amount of light passing through it. Based on the transparency of the specimen, adjustment of the diaphragm setting to achieve a needed degree of contrast is possible.Iris is used to increase or reducing the condenser aperture. Iris is closed for about two-thirds for 10X objective, Iris is open more for 40X objective, and iris is fully open for 100X objective. One should use lamp brightness control, not the iris, to reduce the illumination intensity. If the condenser aperture is closed too much, there will be a loss of detail (resolution) in the image.CondenserBeneath the stage is a group of lenses that comprise the condenser. The condenser accepts parallel light rays produced by an illuminator and condenses them into a strong beam. It causes light rays from the light source to converge on the microscopic slide. The clarity of the image increases with the higher magnification of the condenser.For routine transmitted light microscopy following type of condenser and fittings are recommended.Abb type condenser with iris diaphragmFacility to center the condenser in its mount unless precentered by the manufacturer.Fitted with a filter holder of the swing-out type.Abbe condenser is present in the more sophisticated microscopes with a higher magnification of 1000X. The condenser focus knob helps in the up-down movement of the condenser and aids in controlling the focus of light on the specimen. ApertureIt is the hole present in the microscopic stage. Through the aperture, the transmitted light reaches the stage from the source.StageThe stage is a flat platform positioned about halfway up the arm. It is the part that holds the slides in place using simple or mechanical stage clips and enables them to be examined in a controlled way. The specimen can be moved systematically up and down and across the stage, i.e., X and Y movements.The stage is moved up or down using a sub-stage adjustment knob. An operator can move the slide around during a microscopic examination using stage control knobs. An integral, smooth-running mechanical stage, preferably with vernier scales to enable specimens to be easily located, is needed for smooth microscopic operations in a laboratory.Objective lensThese are primary lenses that magnify the specimens. Four objective lenses are present in the compound light microscope. The shortest lens has the lowest power. Similarly, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. The higher power objective lenses are retractable, i.e., when they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in, thereby protecting the lens and the slide.Objective lens of a microscope(4X): It is a scanning objective lens. It also provides the lowest magnification power of all objective lenses.(10X): It is a low-power lens. Lower magnifications locate specimen samples in certain areas on a microscope slide.(40 X): It is a high-power lens. 40X objective lens is applicable for examination of wet preparations e.g, hanging drop, and ova and cyst examination in the stool.(100 X): It is the oil-immersion lens. The lenses on which oil is used are called oil-immersion lenses. Visualization of bacteria generally requires immersion oil with 100X objective (i.e. total magnification of 1000X). Magnification of 1000X is sufficient for the visualization of fungi, most parasites, and bacteria but is not enough for observing viruses that require magnification of 100,000X or more. Electron microscope provides such magnification.Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).Body TubeIt transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail