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Objectives are intended to image specimens either through air or a medium of higher refractive index between the front lens and the specimen. The field of view ...

Figure 7. An electron microscope has the capability to image individual atoms on a material. The microscope uses vacuum technology, sophisticated detectors and state of the art image processing software. (credit: Dave Pape)

Figure 4. Light rays enter an optical fiber. The numerical aperture of the optical fiber can be determined by using the angle αmax.

We normally associate microscopes with visible light but x ray and electron microscopes provide greater resolution. The focusing and basic physics is the same as that just described, even though the lenses require different technology. The electron microscope requires vacuum chambers so that the electrons can proceed unheeded. Magnifications of 50 million times provide the ability to determine positions of individual atoms within materials. An electron microscope is shown in Figure 7.

Theoretically, a lens with a shorter focal distance can not be able to cut too deeply and will always have a short length. On the other hand, a lens with a longer focal distance comes with a longer length and high power density.

numerical aperture: a number or measure that expresses the ability of a lens to resolve fine detail in an object being observed. Derived by mathematical formula NA = n sin α, where n is the refractive index of the medium between the lens and the specimen and [latex]\alpha=\frac{\theta}{2}\\[/latex]

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To see how the microscope in Figure 2 forms an image, we consider its two lenses in succession. The object is slightly farther away from the objective lens than its focal length fo, producing a case 1 image that is larger than the object. This first image is the object for the second lens, or eyepiece. The eyepiece is intentionally located so it can further magnify the image. The eyepiece is placed so that the first image is closer to it than its focal length fe. Thus the eyepiece acts as a magnifying glass, and the final image is made even larger. The final image remains inverted, but it is farther from the observer, making it easy to view (the eye is most relaxed when viewing distant objects and normally cannot focus closer than 25 cm). Since each lens produces a magnification that multiplies the height of the image, it is apparent that the overall magnification m is the product of the individual magnifications: m = mome, where mo is the magnification of the objective and me is the magnification of the eyepiece. This equation can be generalized for any combination of thin lenses and mirrors that obey the thin lens equations.

Laser power has an impact on the choice of lenses. High-power lasers require lenses with higher damage thresholds to withstand the intense energy. Additionally, the focal length might need to be adjusted for different laser power levels.

where do and di are the object and image distances, respectively, for the objective lens as labeled in Figure 2. The object distance is given to be do=6.20 mm, but the image distance di is not known. Isolating di, we have

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The setting of a laser focus lens and laser light is a very easy and flexible technique. This method of setting a laser focus lens is particularly useful When you are working with different materials.

compound microscope: a microscope constructed from two convex lenses, the first serving as the ocular lens(close to the eye) and the second serving as the objective lens

By carefully considering lens applications and their specific requirements, you can choose a laser focusing lens that optimizes beam distribution, and energy density. This ensures efficient, safe, and high-quality results.

Are you looking to improve the quality of your laser-cutting projects? A focusing lens and good craftsmanship are both needed for that, as well as great quality machines. At Baison Laser, we provide answers to any of your laser cutting industry-related questions and find solutions to help make your business a success. Contact Baison Laser today for any inquiry you have.

The choice of your laser focusing lens mainly depends on your needs and requirements. The selection of the appropriate lens varies from person to person. However, there are some major factors that play an important role in the selection process.

Although the eye is marvelous in its ability to see objects large and small, it obviously has limitations to the smallest details it can detect. Human desire to see beyond what is possible with the naked eye led to the use of optical instruments. In this section we will examine microscopes, instruments for enlarging the detail that we cannot see with the unaided eye. The microscope is a multiple-element system having more than a single lens or mirror. (See Figure 1.) A microscope can be made from two convex lenses. The image formed by the first element becomes the object for the second element. The second element forms its own image, which is the object for the third element, and so on. Ray tracing helps to visualize the image formed. If the device is composed of thin lenses and mirrors that obey the thin lens equations, then it is not difficult to describe their behavior numerically.

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The focal length of the Micro-Lens Array (MLA) is optimized by considering the DoF both in the image plane and in the object plane for each focal length. This ...

The laser beam fires in an unfocused state as it leaves the laser tube. The laser tube’s beam must be focussed to the right degree. The beam must interact with the material correctly. Without a laser focus lens, the laser beam can still leave markings on your materials; but it will look like an uneven burn mark. A convex lens must focus the laser tube’s beam to a spot at a predetermined distance.

For the best performance and image quality, it’s essential to regularly maintain and clean focusing lenses. Since these lenses are delicate and costly, proper care is crucial to extend their lifespan. The following are key tips for their upkeep.

The operator needs to check the focus by simply cutting a small piece of material with the intention of testing. After the laser cutting, the cut edge is needed to be examined thoroughly to check if the edges are clean and free from all kinds of burrs or rough edges.

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When using a microscope, we rely on gathering light to form an image. Hence most specimens need to be illuminated, particularly at higher magnifications, when observing details that are so small that they reflect only small amounts of light. To make such objects easily visible, the intensity of light falling on them needs to be increased. Special illuminating systems called condensers are used for this purpose. The type of condenser that is suitable for an application depends on how the specimen is examined, whether by transmission, scattering or reflecting. See Figure 6 for an example of each. White light sources are common and lasers are often used. Laser light illumination tends to be quite intense and it is important to ensure that the light does not result in the degradation of the specimen.

As the f-number decreases, the camera is able to gather light from a larger angle, giving wide-angle photography. As usual there is a trade-off. A greater f/# means less light reaches the image plane. A setting of f/16 usually allows one to take pictures in bright sunlight as the aperture diameter is small. In optical fibers, light needs to be focused into the fiber. Figure 4 shows the angle used in calculating the NA of an optical fiber.

5. (a) +18.3 cm (on the eyepiece side of the objective lens); (b) −60.0; (c) −11.3 cm (on the objective side of the eyepiece); (d) +6.67; (e) −400

Both the objective and the eyepiece contribute to the overall magnification, which is large and negative, consistent with Figure 2, where the image is seen to be large and inverted. In this case, the image is virtual and inverted, which cannot happen for a single element (case 2 and case 3 images for single elements are virtual and upright). The final image is 367 mm (0.367 m) to the left of the eyepiece. Had the eyepiece been placed farther from the objective, it could have formed a case 1 image to the right. Such an image could be projected on a screen, but it would be behind the head of the person in the figure and not appropriate for direct viewing. The procedure used to solve this example is applicable in any multiple-element system. Each element is treated in turn, with each forming an image that becomes the object for the next element. The process is not more difficult than for single lenses or mirrors, only lengthier.

Can the NA be larger than 1.00? The answer is ‘yes’ if we use immersion lenses in which a medium such as oil, glycerine or water is placed between the objective and the microscope cover slip. This minimizes the mismatch in refractive indices as light rays go through different media, generally providing a greater light-gathering ability and an increase in resolution. Figure 5 shows light rays when using air and immersion lenses.

Even though in the vast area of laser cutting, the focusing lens is a seemingly small component, it plays a vital role in directing the laser beam and ensuring its energy is concentrated on the cutting area. Selecting the right focusing lens can significantly impact the quality, efficiency, and even cost-effectiveness of your laser-cutting projects.

Look through a clear glass or plastic bottle and describe what you see. Now fill the bottle with water and describe what you see. Use the water bottle as a lens to produce the image of a bright object and estimate the focal length of the water bottle lens. How is the focal length a function of the depth of water in the bottle?

You need to be careful while choosing a laser focusing lens because there are specific focusing lenses with special features made based on the complexity of the Graphic Design.

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[latex]m_{\text{e}}=-\frac{d_{\text{i}}\prime}{d_{\text{o}}\prime}=-\frac{-367\text{ mm}}{44.0\text{ mm}}=8.33\\[/latex].

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The distance at which the laser beam interacts with the material will depend on the focal point of these lenses, which ranges from 1.5 to 5 inches. Smaller details can be engraved with a shorter focal length, but cutting depth will not be possible with shorter focal lengths. On the other hand, finer details cannot be engraved with longer focal lengths, but focal lengths will be increased easily.

A successful laser cutting project relies heavily on various machine components, particularly the focusing lens. The right lens choice is crucial for high-quality cuts, making it a valuable investment for precise and efficient work. Understanding important factors, considering various options, and maintaining the lens well is key to selecting the best lens for your laser cutter.

During an endometrial reaction, a proper cut channel needs to be made with the help of the raw energy of the focused laser beam. Besides, this reaction needs a high degree of pressure and volume so that it can support the rapid evacuation of the materials that have been melted.

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[latex]\displaystyle\frac{1}{d_{\text{i}}\prime}=\frac{1}{f_{\text{e}}}-\frac{1}{d_{\text{o}}\prime}=\frac{1}{50.0\text{ mm}}-\frac{1}{44.0\text{ mm}}=\frac{0.00273}{\text{mm}}\\[/latex]

In laser cutting, maintaining a focus position is very important because it prevents the repeatability of the cutting parameters. It also helps to maintain a consistent quality of the material edge.

Calculate the magnification of an object placed 6.20 mm from a compound microscope that has a 6.00 mm focal length objective and a 50.0 mm focal length eyepiece. The objective and eyepiece are separated by 23.0 cm.

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Figure 5. Light rays from a specimen entering the objective. Paths for immersion medium of air (a), water (b) (n = 1.33), and oil (c) (n = 1.51) are shown. The water and oil immersions allow more rays to enter the objective, increasing the resolution.

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Figure 2. A compound microscope composed of two lenses, an objective and an eyepiece. The objective forms a case 1 image that is larger than the object. This first image is the object for the eyepiece. The eyepiece forms a case 2 final image that is further magnified.

Figure 8. The image shows a sequence of events that takes place during meiosis. (credit: PatríciaR, Wikimedia Commons; National Center for Biotechnology Information)

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There are different types of focal length sizes available for laser-focusing lenses. Some of the most common focal lengths are the sizes of 1.5’’, 2’’, 2.5’’, and 4’’. These sizes are suitable for both laser engraving and cutting. These focal length sizes of a laser-focusing lens are discussed below in brief.

A focusing laser lens plays an important role in laser cutting. Besides cutting thick and thin materials and laser engraving, a focusing lens can also be used to achieve accurate, clean, and efficient cutting results. Some of the key functions of a focusing lens are given below.

It comes with a cylindrical lens that is designed to create a straight laser line with uniform intensity. It is a specialized cylindrical lens designed to transform a laser beam into a uniform line beam.

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Before you start setting up the laser focus lens, you need to understand a few important things. The first thing you need to know is that the real laser system does not focus on an exact point. Rather the system produces more of an extremely tight hourglass-shaped waist.

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Different materials have different levels of transmission and absorption at different laser wavelengths. Choosing a focus lens material with high transmission at your operating wavelength ensures maximum energy delivery to the target area. For example, fused silica is excellent for CO2 lasers due to its high transmission.

We do not use our eyes to form images; rather images are recorded electronically and displayed on computers. In fact observing and saving images formed by optical microscopes on computers is now done routinely. Video recordings of what occurs in a microscope can be made for viewing by many people at later dates. Physics provides the science and tools needed to generate the sequence of time-lapse images of meiosis similar to the sequence sketched in Figure 8.

The term f/# in general is called the f-number and is used to denote the light per unit area reaching the image plane. In photography, an image of an object at infinity is formed at the focal point and the f-number is given by the ratio of the focal length f of the lens and the diameter D of the aperture controlling the light into the lens (see Figure 3b). If the acceptance angle is small the NA of the lens can also be used as given below.

This situation is similar to that shown in Figure 2. To find the overall magnification, we must find the magnification of the objective, then the magnification of the eyepiece. This involves using the thin lens equation.

It has a conical surface and is used to focus a laser beam into a ring. Axicon lenses are valuable in applications requiring ring-shaped laser beams for specific interactions with materials. Their unique ability to produce these ring-shaped beams has made them important tools in various scientific and industrial settings where precise control of laser beams is necessary.

This article delves into the intricacies of choosing the ideal focusing lens for your specific needs. We’ll explore the key factors to consider, including material type, key functions, and different focal lengths. By the end of this guide, you’ll have all the necessary knowledge to set up a focusing lens and also how to maintain it properly.

Different materials absorb and reflect laser light differently. For that reason, the chosen lens material should be compatible with the material being cut to ensure optimal performance and prevent damage to the lens.

It has two cylindrical surfaces and is widely used to focus a laser beam into a line. Instead of being curved in both dimensions, cylindrical lenses are curved in one direction either concave or convex. These lenses are used in altering the shape of laser beams, like turning circular beams into lines.

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The intense energy of a laser beam is prone to vaporization when an exothermic reaction takes place. A low or high-pressure point and volume are used depending on the position of the focus point.

Figure 3. (a) The numerical aperture of a microscope objective lens refers to the light-gathering ability of the lens and is calculated using half the angle of acceptance . (b) Here, is half the acceptance angle for light rays from a specimen entering a camera lens, and is the diameter of the aperture that controls the light entering the lens.

A spherical lens has two spherical surfaces with equal curvature. It is the most common type of CO2 laser focusing lens. It has a curved surface, which can be either convex or concave. A convex lens converges light rays to a focal point, while a concave lens diverges them.

Now we must find the magnification of the eyepiece, which is given by [latex]m_{\text{e}}=-\frac{d_{\text{i}}\prime}{d_{\text{o}}\prime}\\[/latex], where di′ and do′ are the image and object distances for the eyepiece (see Figure 2). The object distance is the distance of the first image from the eyepiece. Since the first image is 186 mm to the right of the objective and the eyepiece is 230 mm to the right of the objective, the object distance is do′ = 230 mm − 186 mm = 44.0 mm. This places the first image closer to the eyepiece than its focal length, so that the eyepiece will form a case 2 image as shown in the figure. We still need to find the location of the final image di′ in order to find the magnification. This is done as before to obtain a value for [latex]\frac{1}{d_{\text{i}}\prime}\\[/latex]:

For example, a high-quality surface will offer reduced aberrations which will ensure a precise and correct focus point. On the other hand, anti-reflective coated lenses will reduce unwanted reflections and will improve the transmission.

For a complex design, it would be a wise decision if you get Aspheric lenses. These lenses are supposed to have a good focal tolerance and are more suitable for intricate designs.

It comes with a non-spherical surface resulting in a smaller spot size and higher efficiency. These lenses have a non-spherical surface. Aspherical Lens helps correct aberrations and achieve precise focusing of laser light.

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Figure 6. Illumination of a specimen in a microscope. (a) Transmitted light from a condenser lens. (b) Transmitted light from a mirror condenser. (c) Dark field illumination by scattering (the illuminating beam misses the objective lens). (d) High magnification illumination with reflected light – normally laser light.

Microscopes were first developed in the early 1600s by eyeglass makers in The Netherlands and Denmark. The simplest compound microscope is constructed from two convex lenses as shown schematically in Figure 2. The first lens is called the objective lens, and has typical magnification values from 5× to 100×. In standard microscopes, the objectives are mounted such that when you switch between objectives, the sample remains in focus. Objectives arranged in this way are described as parfocal. The second, the eyepiece, also referred to as the ocular, has several lenses which slide inside a cylindrical barrel. The focusing ability is provided by the movement of both the objective lens and the eyepiece. The purpose of a microscope is to magnify small objects, and both lenses contribute to the final magnification. Additionally, the final enlarged image is produced in a location far enough from the observer to be easily viewed, since the eye cannot focus on objects or images that are too close.

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While the numerical aperture can be used to compare resolutions of various objectives, it does not indicate how far the lens could be from the specimen. This is specified by the “working distance,” which is the distance (in mm usually) from the front lens element of the objective to the specimen, or cover glass. The higher the NA the closer the lens will be to the specimen and the more chances there are of breaking the cover slip and damaging both the specimen and the lens. The focal length of an objective lens is different than the working distance. This is because objective lenses are made of a combination of lenses and the focal length is measured from inside the barrel. The working distance is a parameter that microscopists can use more readily as it is measured from the outermost lens. The working distance decreases as the NA and magnification both increase.

When using a microscope we do not see the entire extent of the sample. Depending on the eyepiece and objective lens we see a restricted region which we say is the field of view. The objective is then manipulated in two-dimensions above the sample to view other regions of the sample. Electronic scanning of either the objective or the sample is used in scanning microscopy. The image formed at each point during the scanning is combined using a computer to generate an image of a larger region of the sample at a selected magnification.

A focusing lens superimposes the laser beam to a small, focused spot for cutting, while a collimating lens straightens a diverging laser beam to make it parallel. Both can be used in laser cutting but the functions differ from each other. For specific information, click here.

The necessary tools needed for the setting up of the focus lens include a focus lens, lens holder, focus gauge, and some adjustment tools.

You need to consider laser wavelength, focal length, and beam diameter while buying a laser-focusing lens. You also need to carefully consider coating, laser beam wattage, surface quality, and Numerical aperture (NA).

Normal optical microscopes can magnify up to 1500× with a theoretical resolution of −0.2 μm. The lenses can be quite complicated and are composed of multiple elements to reduce aberrations. Microscope objective lenses are particularly important as they primarily gather light from the specimen. Three parameters describe microscope objectives: the numerical aperture (NA), the magnification (m), and the working distance. The NA is related to the light gathering ability of a lens and is obtained using the angle of acceptance θ formed by the maximum cone of rays focusing on the specimen (see Figure 3a) and is given by NA = n sin α, where n is the refractive index of the medium between the lens and the specimen and [latex]\alpha=\frac{\theta}{2}\\[/latex]. As the angle of acceptance given by θ increases, NA becomes larger and more light is gathered from a smaller focal region giving higher resolution. A 0.75 NA objective gives more detail than a 0.10 NA objective.