Zero order waveplate

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Waveplate

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Retardancy

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Objective Lenses are the primary optical lenses on a microscope. They range from 4x-100x and typically, include, three, four or five on lens on most microscopes. Objectives can be forward or rear-facing.

Retardancemeaning

The retardance \( R \) can be expressed as: \( R = 2\pi\frac{d(n_e - n_o)}{\lambda} \), where \( d \) is the thickness of the waveplate, \( n_e \) is the refractive index for the extraordinary wave, \( n_o \) is the refractive index for the ordinary wave, and \( \lambda \) is the wavelength of light in vacuum.

Eyepiece or Ocular is what you look through at the top of the microscope. Typically, standard eyepieces have a magnifying power of 10x. Optional eyepieces of varying powers are available, typically from 5x-30x.

Coarse and Fine Focus knobs are used to focus the microscope. Increasingly, they are coaxial knobs - that is to say they are built on the same axis with the fine focus knob on the outside. Coaxial focus knobs are more convenient since the viewer does not have to grope for a different knob.

Half waveplate

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Nosepiece houses the objectives. The objectives are exposed and are mounted on a rotating turret so that different objectives can be conveniently selected. Standard objectives include 4x, 10x, 40x and 100x although different power objectives are available.

There are several types of waveplates, each designed for specific retardance values and applications, such as half-wave plates, quarter-wave plates, and zero-order or multiple-order waveplates.

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When a light wave enters a waveplate, it splits into two waves: ordinary and extraordinary waves. These waves travel at different speeds due to the birefringence of the material, leading to a phase shift. The measure of this phase shift, given in terms of optical path difference or radians, is known as 'retardance'. Common retardances are λ/2 (half-wave plates) and λ/4 (quarter-wave plates), with λ being the wavelength of light the waveplate is designed for.

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Illuminator is the light source for a microscope, typically located in the base of the microscope. Most light microscopes use low voltage, halogen bulbs with continuous variable lighting control located within the base.

Eyepiece Tube holds the eyepieces in place above the objective lens. Binocular microscope heads typically incorporate a diopter adjustment ring that allows for the possible inconsistencies of our eyesight in one or both eyes. The monocular (single eye usage) microscope does not need a diopter. Binocular microscopes also swivel (Interpupillary Adjustment) to allow for different distances between the eyes of different individuals.

Flame retardancy meaning

The retardance of a waveplate refers to the phase difference introduced between the two orthogonal polarization components of light as it passes through the waveplate. Waveplates, also known as retarders, are optical devices made from birefringent materials that alter the polarization state of light.

Note: The retardance of a waveplate is wavelength dependent. It is crucial to use waveplates at their designated wavelength to achieve the intended phase shift. Using them at different wavelengths can lead to incorrect retardance values and altered polarization effects.

Stage is where the specimen to be viewed is placed. A mechanical stage is used when working at higher magnifications where delicate movements of the specimen slide are required.

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Condenser is used to collect and focus the light from the illuminator on to the specimen. It is located under the stage often in conjunction with an iris diaphragm.

Iris Diaphragm controls the amount of light reaching the specimen. It is located above the condenser and below the stage. Most high quality microscopes include an Abbe condenser with an iris diaphragm. Combined, they control both the focus and quantity of light applied to the specimen.

A high power or compound microscope achieves higher levels of magnification than a stereo or low power microscope. It is used to view smaller specimens such as cell structures which cannot be seen at lower levels of magnification. Essentially, a compound microscope consists of structural and optical components. However, within these two basic systems, there are some essential components that every microscopist should know and understand. These key microscope parts are illustrated and explained below.

Stage Clips are used when there is no mechanical stage. The viewer is required to move the slide manually to view different sections of the specimen.